BACTERIA BACTERIOLOGY J. ALEJANDRO BRAMBILA C.. D. ED.

MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY BACTERIOLOGY VIROLOGY Microbiology MICOLOGY PARASITOLOGY

PARASITOLOGY ENTAMOEBAS PROTOZOA. MALARIE

PARASITOLOGY HELMINTHES MATAZOARIOS ARTHROPODS

bacteriology BACTERION MEANS = ROD = “ CANE “

PHENOTYPIC CLASSIFICATION MICROSCOPIC MACROSCOPIC BIOTYPING SEROTYPING ANTIBIOGRAM PATTERNS PHAGE TYPING

BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION GRAM STAIN : (+) POSITIVE (blue)‏ & (-) NEGATIVE (red)‏

GRAM STAIN 1880 DANES CHRISTIAN GRAM 4 STEPS : 1.- POUR ON CRYSTAL VIOLET 60 “ 2.- WASH OFF WATER & FLOOD IODINE SOL. 60 “ 3.- WASH OFF WATER AND THEN “DECOLORIZE “ WITH 95 % ALCOH. 4.- COUNTER STAIN WITH SAFRANIN 30 “ AND WASH OFF WITH WATER.

WHY ARE GRAM (+) OR (-) ? PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER : (+) = VERY THICK (-) = VERY THIN

MAJOR DIFERENCES GRAM (+) & (-)‏ (+ ) ( - )‏ PEPTIDOGLYCAN % 5-10 % ENDOTOXIN NO YES (LPS)‏ except Listeria

EXCEPTIONS TO GRAM 1.- MYCOBACTERIUM : ACID –FAST 2.- SPIROCHETES : DARK FIELD 3.- MYCOPLASMA : NO CELL WALL

BACTERIAL CLASS. BY THE SHAPE : COCCI, BACILLI, CURVED, SPIRAL

BACTERIAL CLASS. AEROBIC ANAEROBIC

AEROBIC GRAM (+) COCCI CATALASE (+) : STAPHYLOCOCCUS CATALASE (-) : STREPTOCOCCUS

AEROBIC GRAM (+) BACILLI CORYNEBACTERIUM NOCARDIA MYCOBACTERIUM LISTERIA

AEROBIC GRAM (-)‏ NEISSERIA SALMONELLA ESCHERICHIA VIBRIO HELICOBACTER BRUCELLA

ANAEROBIC GRAM (+)‏ PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS CLOSTRIDIUM LACTOBACILLUS

ANAEROBIC GRAM (-)‏ VEILLONELLA BACTEROIDES

MISCELLANEOUS BACTERIA MYCOPLASMA TREPONEMA CHLAMYDIA RICKETTSIA

BACTERIAL STRUCTURE EUKARYOTES = GREEK FOR “ TRUE NUCLEUS” : CELLS FROM ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI. PROKARYOTES = GREEK FOR “ PRIMITIVE NUCLEUS” : BACTERIA

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS CHARACT. EUKARYO. PROKARIO. Major groups alga, fungi, bacteria plants,animals Size > 5 micro 0.5–3 micro Nuclear struct. nucleus classic membr. No nuclear membrane

Major charact. chromosomes strands DNA single DNA diploid genome haploid Cytop. Structures. Mitochondria present absent Golgi bodies present absent Endoplasmic retic. present absent Ribosomes 80S 70 S

Major character. Cytoplasmic memb. Sterols no sterols Cell wall absent (chitin) protein. li- pids & pepti- doglycans Reproduction sexual & asexual (bina- asexual ry fission)‏ Respiration via mitochondria via cytop. memb.

BACT. METAB. H2S OR H2 SUN- LIGTH INORGA -NIC CO2PHOTO- SINTHE- TIC BACTE- RIAL OXID. OF INORG. COMPO- UNDS INORGA -NIC CO2 AUTOTR -OPHIC

O2 REQUIREMENTS MOST BACTERIA I.E., ENTERO- BACTERIA- CEAE WILL RESPIRE AEOROBIC AND ANAERO- BIC FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES CAMPYLOBAC -TER HELICOBAC- TER. LOW O2MICROAERO- PHILIC

O2 REQ. BACTEROIDES CLOSTRIDIUM ACTINOMYCE 1.- NO SUPEROXIDA- SE 2.- NO CATALASE OBLIGATE ANAEROBES ACTINOMY- CES WHICH TOLERATE O2 AEROTOLE- RANT ANAEROBES

BACTERIAL METABOLISM OAXIDA TION OF ORGAN. COMPO- UNDS ORGA- NIC OR INORGA -NIC ORGA- NIC HETE- ROTRO PHIC HYDRO- GEN SOUR- CE. ENER- GY SOUR- CE NITRO- GEN SOUR- CE CARB- ON SOUR- CE PHYSIO. TYPE

O2 REQUIREMENTS MYCOBAC- TERIUM PSEUDOMO- NAS REQUIRE O2 NO FERMENTATI- VE PATHWAYS PRODUCE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE OBLIGATE AEROBES KEY CHARATERIS- TICS CLASSIFICA- TION

Bacterial metabolism pH : Neutrophil 6 – 8 Acidophil 3 Alkalophil 10.5

Bact. Metab. Temperature : Psicrophil : 15 – 20 Mesophil : 30 – 37 Termophil : 50 – 60

Bact. Metab. Osmotic presion : osmophil ( hight )‏ Saline concentration : halophil ( hight )‏

Cell structures 1.- flagella 2.- pili (fimbriae)‏ 3.- capsules 4.- slime layer 4-.- spores ( some gram + )‏

Bact. Struct. Flagella types : Peritrics Monotrics lophotrics amphitrics

INFECTIOUS DISEASE PERIODS OR STAGES: 1.- INCUBATION 2.- PRECLINICAL (PRODROME )‏ 3.- INVASION (DEVELOPMENT COMPLETE)‏ 4.- ACME (MAXIM POINT)‏ 5.- DECLINE : RECOVERY OR CONVALESCENCE

Facultative intra cellular organisms 1.- listeria 2.- salmonella 3.- yersinia 4.- francisella 5.- brucella 6.- legionella 7.- mycobacterium

BACTERIAL PORT OF ENTRY 1.- INGESTION : SALMONELLA, SHIGELLA, BRUCELLA. 2.- INHALATION : MYCOBACTERIUM, STREPTOCOCCUS. 3.- TRAUMA : CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

ENTRY 4.- NEEDSTICK : STAPHYLOCOCCUS, PSEUDOMONAS. 5.- ARTHROPOD BITE : RICKETTSIAS, BORRELIA. 6.- SEXUAL TRANSMISION : N. GONORRHOEAE CHLAMYDIA, TREPONEMA.

PATHOGENIC ACTIONS 1.- TISSUE DESTRUCTION : ENZIMES. 2.- TOXIN PREFORMED : SYMPTOMS OCUR MUCH SOONER. 3.- ENDOTOXIN : DIC 4.- EXOTOXIN : TETANUS 5.- SUPERANTIGEN : TSST (S. aureus)‏ ERITHROGENIC ( Scarlet fever )

PATHOGENIC INFECTION 1.- NORMAL FLORA (COLONIZED )‏ 2.- VIRULENT BACTERIA ( INFLAMATORY RESPONSES)‏ 3,.- OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIA (IMMUNODEFICIENCY)‏

DETERMINANT FACTORS A.- BACTERIAL STRAIN B.- INOCULUM SIZE : SHIGELLA : 200 VIBRIO or CAMPYLOBACTER

PATHOGENIC INFECTION PATH. VIRULENCE MECHANIMS : 1.- ADHERENCE 2.- INVASION 3.- TOXIN. 4.- ENDOTOXIN 5.- INDUCTION OF INFLAMATION 6.- EVASION OF PHAGOCITIC CAPSULE 7.- RESISTENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS

PATHOGENIC INF. ENDOTOXIN : 1.- FEVER 2.- LEUKOPENIA FOLLOWED OF LEUKOCYTOSIS 3.- ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT 4.- THROMBOCYTOPENIA 5.- DIC. 6.- SHOCK. 7.- DEATH.

PATHOGENIC INF, 1.- STRICT PATHOGENS : T.B., GONORRHEA, MALARIA, RABIES. 2.- OPPORTUNISTIC : STAPHYLOCOCCUS, ESCHERICHIA, CANDIDA