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8 th 3-2 New England colonies the pilgrims would struggle to survive through the first winter in Massachusetts nearly half of them would die from sickness and freezing weather. A native American named Squanto would teach the pilgrims how to fertilize soil and help them establish a relationship with the local Wampanoag Indians.

Pilgrim community The pilgrim settlement was different from Virginia's in that it had many families. Women in Plymouth had more legal rights than they did in England they had the right to sign contracts and bring some cases before local courts and widows could own property.

Great migration Due to a combination of England having a bad economy, taxes being raised, and religious persecution thousands of people would leave England and settle in the English colonies.

A new colony Puritans arriving in New England would be well prepared they would face little Native American resistance these things would cause the Massachusetts Bay colony to do very well.

Religion and government The Massachusetts Bay colony created a general assembly each town would send two or three delegates to serve on the assembly and the assembly would elect a governor. Politics and religion were closely linked most government leaders were also church members and ministers often held a great deal of power Not all Puritans agreed with one another

New England economy In Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island farming was very difficult so there was never a need for a large workforce as a result slavery did not become important to the region.

New England economy Trade was vital to new England economy many merchants became leading members of the New England colonies. Fishing would become one of the region's leading industries especially whaling which provided valuable oil for lighting.

Skilled craftspeople Families would often times send their young boys to become an apprentice for a blacksmith, shipbuilder, Weaver, or printer. Apprentices would live with a master craftsman and learn from them in exchange the apprentice would work for the master for a set number of years.

Education In 1647 the Court of Massachusetts issued an order that a school be founded in every Township of 50 families. Most colonial children stopped their education after the elementary grades. Harvard College would be founded in 1636 by the 1700s about 70% of men and 45% of women in New England could read and write.

7 th 7-4 Cultural achievements

Astronomy The Muslims advancements in astronomy Would allow them to build better clocks they would also improve the astrolabe a device that allowed people to calculate their location on earth using the stars.

Geography Studying astronomy also helped Muslims explore the world as people learned to use the stars to calculate time and determine their location it became easier to travel.

Philosophy Many great thinkers lived in the Muslim world some studied classical writings from the Greeks and Romans and believed in the importance of reason Other philosophers thought that religion was more important than science.

Math The Muslims would combined the ancient Indian system of numbers with Greek mathematical ideas to create a number system that our current number system is based on they would also create algebra.

Medicine Muslim doctors started the world's first pharmacy schools they would also discover how to cure smallpox. A Muslim doctor named Avicenna would record his medical knowledge in an encyclopedia it would be used all throughout Europe until the 1600s and is one of the most famous books in medical history.

Visual arts Architecture was the most important visual art in the Muslim world. Although most Muslim buildings are highly decorated most Muslim art does not show people or animals because Muslims believe that only god can create humans and animals or their images.

6 th 4-2 Population Geographers who study population look at how many people live in an area, why people live in an area, and how populations change

Population density In places with high population density land is often expensive and buildings tend to be taller. Places with a low population density have more open spaces and more available land.

Where people live Areas with a low population often times have rugged mountain or harsh deserts were people cannot grow food. Areas with a high population often have fertile soil, and reliable water sources.

Tracking population change The three key statistics geographers look at to learn about population are the death rate, the birthrate, and the rate of natural increase. Population growth can pose some challenges such as providing enough jobs, education, and medical care.

Migration Push factors are factors that cause people to want to leave their country. Some examples are, warfare, lack of jobs, and lack of good farmland. Pull factors are factors that make people want to move to another country. Some examples are a new job, a safer environment, freedom, and opportunity.

World population trends In the last 200 years the population has increased significantly because of improved medical technology and food production.