UNIT 5 CELLULAR ENERGETICS Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION Heterotrophs vs. Autotrophs ATP Structure and Function Cellular Respiration Equation Mitochondria Structure Stage 1: Glycolysis Stage 2: Krebs Cycle Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain Amount of ATP produced Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Photosynthesis Equation Chloroplast Structure Stage 1: Light Absorption Stage 2: Electron Transport Chain Stage 3: Calvin Cycle Light Dependent vs. Light Independent Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

Life depends on sunlight (93 million miles)

1 day = 1.5 billion times the energy in US for 1 year

Energy = the ability to do work makes eats “Food Chain”

Heterotrophs = organisms that “eat” their food

Autotrophs = Organisms that make their own food (sun)

Energy Pyramid Herbivores Carnivores Secondary Consumers Omnivores Primary Consumers Producers

Energy Pathway? Food  Broken down   ?  Delivered

ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Nitrogen Base “Adenosine” Macromolecule? 3-P’s Nucleotide with 2 extra P groups Sugar

ATP ADP + P Extra P groups unstable (neg charge = repel) Bonds broken = release energy

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

RESPIRATION = process by which sugar is broken down to release energy (ATP).

Work requires energy Where get energy? “EAT FOOD”

Hence, we are called? Heterotrophs

Also Autotrophs Why? They make it then break it

 Cells Food broken down into smaller particles Which system? “metabolism” Where to? Intestine  Blood  Muscle  Cells

ORGANELLE? Mitochondria

Chemical Equation for Respiration Reactants  Products Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen  ATP + Carbon Dioxide + Water “Heat”

+ 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + (36)ATP C6H12O6 3 Stages: Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Heat C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + (36)ATP 3 Stages: Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

Stage One: “Glycolysis” Cytoplasm

One 6 carbon (glucose)  2 ATP  4 ATP Two 3 carbon (pyruvate) Electron carrier Two 3 carbon (pyruvate)

Pyruvate + Oxygen  ATP + Water + CO2

Stage 2: “Krebs Cycle” Mitochondria Pyruvate  NADH, FADH2, ATP

3-C  2-C CO2 released Pyruvate  Mitochondria  Acetyl CoA  Matrix Enzyme assisted 3-C  2-C CO2 released

Energy  NADH and FADH2 Each Pyruvate Electron carrier

Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain High energy electrons (NADH and FADH2)  ATP H+ diffuse through protein synthesize ATP e- and H+ combine with 02  H2O e- from NADH pump H+ out Majority

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Autotrophs = process of trapping energy from sunlight and using it to build sugars.

Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis Take In  Make/Give Off Sunlight + Carbon Dioxide + Water  Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Light + Light Energy CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2 Chloroplast Sugars + O2

Leaves Stem

3 Stages 1. Absorption of Light Energy 2. Conversion of Light Energy 3. Storage of Energy

STAGE 1 Light Absorption Chlorophyll in Thylakoids

Weakest Strongest ROY G BIV

Pigments = Chlorophyll a and b Uses Most? = Blue and Red Uses Least? = Green and Yellow

Carotenoids

Found in Thylakoid membrane

1. Sunlight excites chlorophyll e- 2. Water split by enzyme  O2 and H+ and e-

Stage 2 “Electron Transport Chain” H+ moved in (energy required) Sunlight (re-energize e-) NADP+ (e- + H+)  NADPH

 H+ continue to move in (protein) Inside thylakoid +, Outside - Provides energy ADP + P  ATP 

Stage 3 Stage 1 and 2

Stage 3 “Calvin Cycle” 1. CO2 enters Joins 5-C Compounds split  6 3-C 4. 5 remaining 3-C Compounds reform 3 5-C compounds Stage 3 “Calvin Cycle” 3. 1 3-C compound removed Higher energy forms

ATP NADPH Stage 1 and 2 “Light Dependent” Water Light Light- Dependent Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview Stage 1 and 2 “Light Dependent” Light Energy Converted to Chemical Energy Water Light Light- Dependent Reactions ATP NADPH O2 Light + Water  ATP + NADPH + Oxygen Go to Section:

NADP+ ADP + P Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Stage 3 “Light Independent” CO2 Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview Stage 3 “Light Independent” CO2 NADP+ ADP + P Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Sugar!!! Go to Section: ATP + NADPH + CO2  Sugar + NADP+ + (ADP +P)

NADP+ ADP + P Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH CO2 Water Light Light- Dependent Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview Water CO2 Light NADP+ ADP + P Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Sugar!!! O2 Go to Section:

PHOTO vs. RESPIRATION “Circle of Life” What have in common? End products of Photosynthesis Beginning products of Respiration “Circle of Life”