The Global Environment Chapter 1

Geography What is it?

Geography The study of where: – People – Places – Things ARE LOCATED – AND how they relate to each other.

Ancient Egypt Egyptian Priests – Studied the land Why? – Land uses – What the land could produce – Base a tax system off of the land – supported building their temples

Greeks First to create maps of Europe, Africa, and Asia.

5 Themes of Geography Location Interaction between people and environment Movement Place Region

Location Where is Penncrest High School? On a sheet of loose leaf try to explain to someone: “where is the location of Penncrest High School?” Turn to a neighbor and see how much your explanation is helpful. Rate your partner’s explanation: – 10 being very helpful (you could find it easily), – 1 being not helpful at all (where is Penncrest!?) – 5 being helpful but not helpful enough (I might recognize it if I passed it, but I’d have difficulty finding it ).

Relative Location Did we: – Describe PHS in terms of another location? – How else did we describe it? – How do we determine its EXACT or ABSOLUTE location?

ABSOLUTE Location Use grid of numbered lines of latitude and longitude. Penncrest is located at: – 39 degrees, 55” N – 75 degrees, 26” W

Latitude & Longitude Latitude – Measures distance north and south of the Equator. Longitude – Measures distances east and west of the Prime Meridian

Equator Divides the Earth into two halves (Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Line of latitude

Prime Meridian Divides World into Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Greenwich, England

International Dateline Opposite of Prime Meridian

PLACE II Described by physical and human characteristics

PLACE - physical Landforms Climate Soil Animal Life

PLACE – Human Characteristics Way of life – Transportation – Religion – Languages

Think about our PLACE On a sheet of loose leaf/ note book paper: Describe Media as a place. Consider the following: Stores Landforms Religions Animal Life Weather Transportation

Interaction Between People & Environment How do we interact with our environment?

Hidden Cost How has interactions with environment created “hidden costs?” – Farming – Transportation

People adapt How do people adapt to different environments? Desert Tropical Artic Earthquake Prone Beach Mountain

MOVEMENT III Movement of – People – Places – Goods How did people get to America (early settlers/natives) Early people moved primarily for? Alaskan land bridge

Trade Exports – What is it? Imports – What is it? Copper/ Farm products/ Coffee Beans/ Oil

Ideas Spread Religion Technology Television

Interdependence Global Interdependence – Dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world. – What is something we are dependant on?

Understanding the Physical World

REGIONS (V) Identified by: – Physical characteristics – Economic – Political – Cultural PEPC

Tools of Geographers Geographers use globes and maps. Why is a globe more accurate than a map?

What is a drawback of using a globe?

Map Projection Show a curved earth on a flat surface. Accuracy varies depending on type of map.

Mercator Projection Gerardus Mercator – Sailors needed a map that showed direction accurately (N/S/E/W)

Mercator Projection

Accurate view of land areas NEAR EQUATOR Direction (N/S/E/W) North and South Poles – Land becomes distorted – What is the problem with using a Mercator Projection?

Interrupted Projection Show correct sizes and shapes of landmasses Cut-out oceans Impossible to: – accurately measure distance – plot a course across an ocean

Interrupted Projection

Peters Projection Shows correct areas of landmasses and oceans. Directions are accurate Distorts shapes of continents – Notice how Africa appears longer and thinner.

Peters Projection

Robinson Projection Shows correct sizes and shapes of most landmasses Fairly accurate view of sizes of the oceans Fairly accurate view of distance over landmasses Distortions along the edge of the map

Robinson Projection

KEY TERMS Geography LIMPR Latitude Longitude Export Import Interdependence

HOW am I going to remember these FIVE themes? LIMPR Location Interaction between people and Environment Movement Place Region

Review Positives and Negatives – Mercator – Interrupted – Peters – Robinson Which do you think is the best?

Special Purpose Maps Political Map – Shows borders that divide nations

Physical Map Shows physical features (lakes/mountains)

Topography Physical features of a place or region

Population Map

Climate Map

Vegetation Map

Natural Resources Map

Cartographer A Mapmaker

Landforms Mountain What makes a mountain? Hills Plains – Low elevation, flat. Coastal Plains – Plains that border oceans Plateaus – Large area of high, flat or gently rolling land. – Mexico City

Landforms Bay – Part of a body of water that is partly enclosed by land Cape – Narrow point of land that extends into a body of water Delta – Area formed by soil deposited at the mouth of a river Divide – Ridge that separates rivers that flow in one direction from those that flow in the opposite direction Hill – Area of raised land that is lower and more rounded than a mountain

Landforms Isthmus – Narrow strip of land joining two large land areas or joining a peninsula to a mainland Lake – Body of water surrounded by land Mountain – High, steep, rugged terrain that is at least 2,000 ft. above sea level Mouth of a river – Where a river empties into a larger body of water Peninsula – Piece of land that is surrounded on 3 sides by water Plain – Broad area of fairly level land – usually close to sea level

Landforms Plateau – Large area of high land that is flat or gently rolling River Valley – Land drained or watered by a river Source of a River – Place where a river originates Strait – Narrow channel that connects two larger bodies of water – Stream or small river that flows into a larger stream or river

Landforms: Review Think of the state of Pennsylvania and what landforms exist in our state. – Make a list of concrete examples that come to mind.

End The Global Environment