Digital Library The networked collections of digital text, documents, images, sounds, scientific data, and software that are the core of today’s Internet and tomorrow’s universally accessible digital repositories of all human knowledge The President’s Information Technology Advisory Committee

Traditional Library

Digital Libraries have been positioned at the intersection of Library and Information Science Computer Science Networked System

Digital Library The networked collections of digital text, documents, images, sounds, scientific data, and software that are the core of today’s Internet and tomorrow’s universally accessible digital repositories of all human knowledge The President’s Information Technology Advisory Committee

History of Digital Library Janus Digital Library, 1993, $105,000 Digital Library Phase I, , $24 millions, 6 major projects Digital Library Phase II, 1998 – now about 145 millions, about 30 projects each year

1993, $105000, “electronic preservation”

Digital Library Phase I , $24 millions, 6 major projects

1 1, Integrated Speed, Image and Language Understanding for Creating Digital Video Library Carnegie Mellon University. This is the only one focused on Video Medium.

2, Interoperation mechanisms among heterogeneous services Stanford University. This project is focused on providing a uniform way to access a variety of servers and information sources. --- InfoBus Protocol.

3, a prototype of a scalable, intelligent, distributed electronic library University of California at Berkeley. A prototype for environmental information.

4, Towards a Distributed Digital Library University of California at Santa Barbara. This project is about “Digital Earth”, a collection of information about the world.

5, Digital Library infrastructure for a University Engineering Community University of Illinois at Urbana_Champaign. It provides effective access to engineering and physics journal articles.

6, Intelligent agents for information location University of Michigan. Combines the traditional library and internet technologies to provide the best support for their users.

Digital Library Phase II Start from 1998, $145 million, about 30 projects each year,

The Theory of Digital Library In the earlier years, the theory of digital libraries was based on its structures and its behaviors. In 2001, Edward A. Fox from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, propose the fundamental abstractions of Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios and Societies (5S), the 5S theory.

Structure and Behavior Hypertext Information Storage (Database System) Information Retrieval Multimedia Services Human Computer Interaction Program Language Interoperation

Information Storage A digital library must be capable of storing a large amount of data in a variety of formats and be able to access this data as quickly as possible., Relational database,, Active Database,, Mobile Database,, Multiple Database, Object Oriented Database

Relational Database A relationship between the tables

Active Database An automatic reaction by event-condition- action rules.

Mobile Database Dynamic data and location, Currency Protocol

Multiple Database A Multiple Database System consists of a collection of autonomous and heterogeneous local databases.

Object-Oriented Database Object-oriented databases are designed to work well with object-oriented programming languages such Java, C#, and C++. This is because object-oriented databases used the same exact model as object-oriented programming languages.

Information Retrieval Metadata searching Full-text searching Union search platform

Metadata Searching Metadata– data about data, structured data, data about “Who, What, Where, When” Metadata tags: Title, Creator, Subject, Description, Publisher, Contributor, Date, Type, Format, Identifier, Source, Language, Relation, Coverage, Right. Metadata Attributes: Name, Identifier, Version, Registration, Authority, Language, Definition, Obligation, Data Type, Maximum Occurrence, Comment.

Full-Text Searching This is a example of searching for the string, “Visual basic, Oracle”. It will search throughout a document to find a match.

Union Search Platform Various providers produce the many types of database retrieval systems that exists today. End users want the ability to access different types of data using a universal interface. The solution to this problem is to create a new application that integrates multiple search requests into a union search platform.

Problems: 1, Why should each digital library start from scratch? 2, Interoperability across heterogeneous digital library systems.

A Fundamental Digital Library Theory 5S theory

Streams Definition: A stream is a sequence whose codomain is a nonempty set. A sequence of abstract items, used to describe both static and dynamic content. It can be text, video, audio, or a software program.

Structures Definition: A structure is a tuple (G, L, F), where G = (V, E) is a directed graph with vertex set V and edge set E, L is a set of label values, and F is a labeling function F: (V  E)  L. A labeled directed graphs which imposes organization. Collection, catalog, hypertext, document, metadata, organizational tool. How is the information organize?

Spaces Definition: A space is a measurable space, measure space, probability space, vector space or a topological space. Contains rules to operate on the abstract items. User interface, index, retrieval model. Different logic and presentational properties. The operation of digital library components.

Scenarios A sequences of events or actions in order to accomplish a functional requirement. Service, event, condition, action Communication between users and software developers. Definition: A scenario is a sequence of related transition events (e 1, e 2, …,e n) on state set S such that e k = (s k, s k+1 ), for 1  k  n.

Societies Definition: A society is a tuple (CR), where C = {c 1, c 2, …,c n } is a set of conceptual communities. R= {r 1, r 2, …,r n } is a set of relationships. A set of entities and activates, and the relationships between them. Community, managers, actors, classes, relationships, attributes, operations. Actors and managers act together to carry out the digital library behavior.

Digital Library is a collection of digital object. Definition: A digital library is a 4-tuple (R, DM, Serv, Soc), where R is a repository; DM is a metadata catalog, Serv is a set of services containing at least services for indexing, searching, and browsing; Soc is a society of users of the digital library.

5S Language is an XML realization of the 5S model.

Study Case

NDLTD In Virginia Tech. 177 universities and 27 institutions in worldwide. A student creates a ETD file (Electronic Theses and Dissertation) from his or her theses and dissertation. The ETD file is then checked for formatting errors and quantity requirements. The ETD file is then cataloged and placed on a electronic bookshelf.

, Stream Model:

, Model:, Structural Model: Electric Thesis and Dissertation – Metadata Structure

This is a part of the code.

, Spatial Model, Spatial Model

, Scenario Model:, Scenario Model: An example scenario of a searching service in an NDLTD DL.

, Societal Model, Societal Model

Digital Library Generation Process with 5SL.

5SGraph, A Domain-Specific Visual Modeling Tool

Digital Library In a Box Simplifies and enables the creation of a digital library Can be developed with little or no programming Built with an interoperable design Creates a minimal digital library in less than an hour

Open Digital Library The goal is universal access to digital libraries and information services.

Report to the President Digital Libraries: Universal Access to Human knowledge

Report to the President, Digital Libraries: Universal Access to Human knowledge