3:48 PM What are they? Vitamins Nutrition. 3:48 PM Nutrition Vitamins Why are we tired without them?

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Presentation transcript:

3:48 PM What are they? Vitamins Nutrition

3:48 PM Nutrition Vitamins Why are we tired without them?

3:48 PM Nutrition Vitamins Eijkman, Indonesia, 1890

3:48 PM Vitamins Definition Organic Essential Small Amounts

3:48 PM Vitamins International Units 1 International Unit Vitamin A = mg 1 International Unit Vitamin C = mg 1 International Unit Vitamin D = 0.05 mg * International Units must NEVER be abbreviated to IU This is mandated by JCAHO, IOM, ISMP

3:48 PM Vitamins General Functions Coenzymes Antioxidants Food Additives

3:48 PM Vitamins Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) Adequate Intake (AI) Tolerable Uptake Intake Level (UL)

3:48 PM Vitamins Properties Solubility Storage Excretion

3:48 PM Vitamins Solubility Fat Soluble Water Soluble

3:48 PM Vitamins: Fat Soluble A ngels D o E verything K indly

3:48 PM Vitamin A (Retinol)

3:48 PM Vitamin A (Retinol)

3:48 PM Vitamin A (Retinol) Double Vision Hair Loss Liver Damage Night Blindness Macular Degeneration Brittle Hair and Skin

3:48 PM Vitamin A (Retinol) GI Disorders (Gall Bladder, Pancreas) Intestinal Problems (IBS, Crohn’s) Children with deficient diets

3:48 PM Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)

3:48 PM Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)

3:48 PM Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) Hypocalcemia Children - Rickets Adults - Osteoporosis Calcification of Soft Tissues and Organs Hypertension Hypercalcemia

3:48 PM Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) Taking a closer look at Rickets

3:48 PM Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) GI Disorders (Gall Bladder, Pancreas) Intestinal Problems (IBS, Crohn’s) Children People with limited sunlight exposure

3:48 PM Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

3:48 PM Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

3:48 PM Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Premature Infants – Hemolytic Anemia Children and Adults – Weakness Interferes with Vitamin K and clotting mechanism

3:48 PM Vitamin E (Tocopherol) GI Disorders (Gall Bladder, Pancreas) Intestinal Problems (IBS, Crohn’s) Premature Infants

3:48 PM Vitamin K

3:48 PM Vitamin K

3:48 PM Vitamin K May lead to hemorrhage Interferes with anticoagulant effect of coumadin

3:48 PM Vitamin K Malabsorption Syndromes Persons undergoing intestinal surgery Newborns

3:48 PM Vitamins: Water Soluble

3:48 PM Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

3:48 PM Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

3:48 PM Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) GI Disturbances Diarrhea Tissue Bleeding Poor wound healing Scurvy

3:48 PM Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Taking a closer look at Scurvy Bleeding Gums Periungual Bleeding

3:48 PM Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine)

3:48 PM Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine)

3:48 PM Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) No known toxicities Wernicke’s Encephalopathy BeriBeri

3:48 PM Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) Taking a closer look at BeriBeri

3:48 PM Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) Alcoholics Diabetics

3:48 PM Vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin)

3:48 PM Vitamin B 3 (Niacin)

3:48 PM Vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin) No known toxicities Usually found in conjunction with other B Vitamin deficiencies No single B2 deficiency

3:48 PM Vitamin B 3 (Niacin)

3:48 PM Vitamin B 3 (Niacin)

3:48 PM Vitamin B 3 (Niacin) Disorders of the skin and nervous system Pellegra Flushing and tingling of the skin

3:48 PM Vitamin B 9 (Folate) Taking a closer look at Pellegra

3:48 PM Vitamin B 3 (Niacin) Poor dietary intake Eating disorders

3:48 PM Vitamin B 6 (Pyridoxine)

3:48 PM Vitamin B 6 (Pyridoxine)

3:48 PM Vitamin B 6 (Pyridoxine) Irritability Convulsions Uncoordinated Movements Nerve Damage

3:48 PM Vitamin B 9 (Folate)

3:48 PM Vitamin B 9 (Folate)

3:48 PM Vitamin B 9 (Folate) May mask Vitamin B12 deficiency Megaloblastic Anemia Neural Tube Defects Spina Bifida

3:48 PM Vitamin B 9 (Folate) Taking a closer look at Spina Bifida

3:48 PM Vitamin B 9 (Folate) Pregnant Women

3:48 PM Vitamin B 12 (Cobalamin)

3:48 PM Vitamin B 12 (Cobalamin)

3:48 PM Vitamin B 12 (Cobalamin) No toxicity symptoms Pernicious Anemia – lack of the intrinsic factor necessary for B12 absorption

3:48 PM Vitamin B 12 (Cobalamin) Pernicious Anemia (lack of intrinsic factor) Vegans (vegetarians who eat no meat) Elderly (decreased intrinsic factor) Stomach and/or intestinal surgeries

3:48 PM The Others The other water soluble vitamins are fairly plentiful in foods and are associated with no significant deficiency or toxicity risks. How to be sure your diet contains enough of the various vitamins? Eat a balanced and varied diet.