컴파일러 입문 제 1 장 컴파일러 개론.

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컴파일러 입문 제 1 장 컴파일러 개론

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 목 차 1.1 프로그래밍 언어 1.2 번역기와 컴파일러 1.3 컴파일러의 일반적인 구조 1.4 컴파일러 자동화 도구 Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 프로그래밍 언어 좋은 프로그래밍 언어의 요건 언어의 개념이 명확 문법적인 구조(syntax) 의미(semantics) 프로그래머의 생각을 자연스럽게 표현 호환성(이식성), 신뢰성, 모듈화, 효율성 언어의 확장성이 우수 좋은 프로그래밍 환경 Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language 1960년대 초, 코다실(CODASYL)에서 발표 주로 업무용으로 사용 1968 ~ 1974년에 ANSI COBOL을 제정 FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation 1960년대 초, J.Backus를 중심으로 개발 과학 계산용 언어 1977년 FORTRAN77이 발표 Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory ALGOL ALGOrithmic Language ALGOL68 - 1968년 IFIP WG2.1에서 발표 구문구조를 형식 문법으로 표현 언어의 구조와 의미가 명료 제어 구문 구조가 우수 후에 개발된 많은 프로그래밍 언어에 큰 영향 Pascal 1970년대 초, N.Wirth가 고안 프로그래밍 언어론적인 관점에서 설계 전산학적인 응용에 적합 - 자료구조, 알고리즘 Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory Ada 1980년 DoD에서 발표 reliability, simplicity, modularity, efficiency package, generic features, multi-tasking real-time application에 적합 C++ 1983년 B.Stroustrup OOPL : class, inheritance, polymorphism Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory Java James Gosling, Sun MicroSystems OOPL, Exception, Multithread Internet & Distributed Environment Applet, Application C# John Gough, Microsoft .NET Framework, OOPL(Object-Oriented Programming Language) JIT (Just In-Time Compilation) MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) CLR (Common Language Runtime) Expressiveness and Simplicity Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 번역기와 컴파일러 Translator A translator is a program that reads a program written in one language – source program – and translates it into an equivalent program in another language – target(object) program Translator Source program Target program error Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Language processing system Skeletal source program(high) preprocessor 분석 형식이론 (확립) Front-end highlevel language compiler IL lowlevel, assembly language assembler Back-end 합성 경험적 이론 Relocatable machine code loader Absolute machine code (executable machine code) Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 번역기와 컴파일러 Compiler “A compiler is a computer program which translates programs written in a particular high-level programming language into executable code for a specific target computer.” ex) C compiler on SPARC C program을 입력으로 받아 SPARC에서 수행 가능한 코드를 출력한다. Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory Compiler Structure Front-End : language dependent part Back-End : machine dependent part Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory Cross-Compiler “A cross-compiler is a program which is to run on machine A and produce target code for another machine B.” Execution : down-loading or interpretation Bootstrapping Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory Interpreter “An interpreter transforms a program directly into a sequence of machine actions and produces the results of the program.” Compiler : Operational System Interpreter : Developing System or Educational System Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory Preprocessor for the language extension Macro substitution Conditional compilation Inclusion of files Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 일반적인 컴파일러 구조 I.C. : Intermediate Code O.C. : Optimized Code Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

컴파일러 논리적 구조 (phase) Symbol table Error handle 전 반 부 Intermediate code generation (중간코드생성) Code generation (코드 생성) Code optimization (코드 최적화) Semantic analysis (의미분석) Syntax analysis (구문분석) Lexical analysis (어휘분석) Error handle Symbol table 전 반 부 후 반 부 Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 1. Lexical Analyzer(Scanner) 컴파일러 내부에서 효율적이며 다루기 쉬운 정수로 바꾸어 줌. ex) if ( a > 10 ) ... Token : if ( a > 10 ) ... Token Number : 32 7 4 25 5 8 Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 2. Syntax Analyzer(Parser) 기능: Syntax checking, Tree generation. 출력: incorrect - error message 출력 correct - program structure (=> tree 형태) 출력 ex) if (a > 10) a = 1; if > = a 10 a 1 Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 3. Intermediate Code Generator Semantic checking Intermediate Code Generation ex) if (a > 10) a = 1.0; ☞ a가 정수일 때 semantic error ! ex) a = b + 1; Tree : = a + b 1 Ucode: lod 1 2 ldc 1 add str 1 1 - variable reference: (base, offset) Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 4. Code Optimizer Optional phase 비효율적인 code를 구분해 내서 더 효율적인 code로 바꾸어 준다. Meaning of optimization major part : improve running time minor part : reduce code size ex) LDC R1, 1 LDC R1, 1 (x) Criteria for optimization preserve the program meanings speed up on average be worth the effort Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory Local optimization local inspection을 통하여 inefficient한 code들을 구분해 내서 좀 더 efficient한 code들로 바꾸는 방법. 1. Constant folding 2. Eliminating redundant load, store instructions 3. Algebraic simplification 4. Strength reduction Global optimization flow analysis technique을 이용 1. Common subexpression 2. Moving loop invariants 3. Removing unreachable codes Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 5. Target Code Generator 중간 코드로부터 machine instruction을 생성한다. Code generator tasks 1. instruction selection & generation 2. register management 3. storage allocation 4. code optimization (Machine-dependent optimization) Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 6. Error Recovery Error recovery - error가 다른 문장에 영향을 미치지 않도록 수정하는 것 Error repair - error가 발생하면 복구해 주는 것 Error Handling Error detection Error recovery Error reporting Error repair Error Syntax Error Semantic Error Run-time Error Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Intermediate code generator position := initial + rate * 60 Lexical analyzer Semantic analyzer Syntax analyzer Code generator Code optimizer Intermediate code generator position := initial + rate * 60 id1 := id2 + id3 * 60 := id1 + id2 * id3 60 inttoreal temp1 := inttoreal(60) temp2 := id3 * temp1 temp3 := id2 + temp2 id1 := temp3 temp1 := id3 * 60.0 id1 := id2 + temp1 MOVF id3, R2 MOVF #60.0, R2 MOVF id2, R2 ADDF R2, R1 MOVF R1, id1 position ... initial … rate ... 1 2 3 4 Symbol Table  Translation of a statement Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 컴파일러 자동화 도구 Compiler Generating Tools (= Compiler-Compiler, Translator Writing System) Language와 machine이 발달할 수록 많은 compiler가 필요. 새로운 언어를 개발하는 이유: 컴퓨터의 응용 분야가 넓어지므로. N개의 language를 M개의 컴퓨터에서 구현하려면 N*M개의 컴파일러가 필요. ex) 2개의 language : C, Ada 3개의 Machine : IBM, SPARC, Pentium C-to-IBM, C-to-SPARC, C-to-Pentium Java-to-IBM, Java-to-SPARC, Java-to-Pentium Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory Compiler-compiler Model Language description은 grammar theory를 이용하고 있으나, Machine description은 정형화가 이루어져 있지 않은 상태임. HDL : Hardware Description Language  Computer Architecture를 design하는 데 사용. Machine architecture와 programming language의 발전에 따라 automatic compiler generation이 연구됨. Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 1. Lexical Analyzer Generator LEX : 1975년에 M. E. Lesk 가 고안. 입력 스트림에서 정규표현으로 기술된 토큰들을 찾아내는 프로그램을 작성하는데 유용한 도구. Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 2. Parser Generator(PGS: Parser Generating System) (1) Stanford PGS John Hennessy 파스칼 언어로 쓰여 있음 : 5000 lines 특징 : 구문 구조를 AST 형태로 얻음. Output : Abstract Syntax Tree(AST)의 정보를 포함한 파싱 테이블을 출력. Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory (2) Wisconsin PGS C.N. Fisher 파스칼 언어로 쓰여 있음.: 10000 lines 특징 : error recovery (3) YACC(Yet Another Compiler Compiler) UNIX에서 수행. C language로 쓰여 있음. Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 3. Automatic Code Generation Three aspects 1. Machine Description : ISP, ISPS, HDL 2. Intermediate language 3. Code generating algorithm CGA Pattern matching code generation Table driven code generation Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory 4. Compiler Compiler System (1) PQCC(Production Quality Compiler Compiler System) W.A. Wulf(Carnegie-Mellon University) input으로 language description과 target machine description을 받아 PQC(Production Quality Compiler)와 table이 output됨. 중간 언어로 tree구조인 TCOL을 사용. Pattern Matching Code Generation에 의해 code를 생성함. (2) ACK(Amsterdam Compiler Kit) Vrije 대학의 Andrew S. Tanenbaum을 중심으로 개발된 Compiler의 Back-End 자동화 도구. UNCOL 개념에서 출발. EM이라는 Abstract Machine Code를 중간 언어로 사용. Portable Compiler를 만들기에 편리. Introduction to Compiler Design Theory

Introduction to Compiler Design Theory ACK Model Introduction to Compiler Design Theory