Today’s Goal – 23-January-13 Assess the goals of Progressives: · The desire to remove corruption and undue influence from government through the taming of bosses and political machines; · The effort to include more people more directly in the political process; · The conviction that government must play a role to solve social problems and establish fairness in economic matters.

What is Reform?

Is ALL reform positive? Giving access to education to more kids? Limiting the power of corrupt politicians? Ensuring the equality of all races and both genders? Providing aid to the impoverished? Regulating business? Legislating work hours/pay? Eugenics?

Is ALL reform positive? Taking down political machines by any means necessary? Introducing referendum, initiative, and recall options for voters? Securing the secret ballot? Starting an income tax to be able to afford all of these programs?

What is a GRASSROOTS movement? Average people (Americans) are inspired to act where the government will not. Sometimes these movement influence government decisions…and elections

Progressive Grassroots Information Led the Way. –Muckrakers These were journalists who focused their efforts on exposing their perceived problems in society. Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens

Let’s take a look at Muckraking… Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle was published in –Tomorrow we will ead some excerpts…as you read decide would you be prompted to want change if you KNEW you were a customer of the place he is writing about? He did his research in Chicago, by the way.

Today’s Goal (continued) – 23-January-13 Was segregation a Constitutional means of protecting 2 races from one another? –What rights should African-Americans have expected? –What did African-Americans need to do to achieve those rights? Terms to Know- –Lynching, Poll Tax, Grandfather Clause, Jim Crow, Literacy Test People to Know –Homer Plessy, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois

Rights to be Expected Amendment XIII Section 1. –Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. –Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Rights to be Expected Amendment XIV Section 1. –All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. –Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state.malebeing twenty-one years of age Section 3. –No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Section 4. –The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. –The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Rights to be Expected Amendment XV Section 1. –The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. –The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Plessy v Ferguson, 1896

What impact would this decision have in the South? 9/10 African- Americans Lived in the South at turn of Century Lynching – Poll Taxes – Literacy Tests – Grandfather Clauses – Jim Crow -

Excerpt From Chapter 10 Here was a population, low-class and mostly foreign, hanging always on the verge of starvation, and dependent for its opportunities of life upon the whim of men every bit as brutal and unscrupulous as the old-time slave drivers; under such circumstances immorality was exactly as inevitable, and as prevalent, as it was under the system of chattel slavery. Things that were quite unspeakable went on there in the packing houses all the time, and were taken for granted by everybody; only they did not show, as in the old slavery times, because there was no difference in color between master and slave.

Excerpt From Chapter 14 [T]he meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one—there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. There was no place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner, and so they made a practice of washing them in the water that was to be ladled into the sausage. There were the butt-ends of smoked meat, and the scraps of corned beef, and all the odds and ends of the waste of the plants, that would be dumped into old barrels in the cellar and left there. Under the system of rigid economy which the packers enforced, there were some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time, and among these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels. Every spring they did it; and in the barrels would be dirt and rust and old nails and stale water—and cartload after cartload of it would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out to the public’s breakfast.

Excerpt From Chapter 26 All day long the blazing midsummer sun beat down upon that square mile of abominations: upon tens of thousands of cattle crowded into pens whose wooden floors stank and steamed contagion; upon bare, blistering, cinder-strewn railroad tracks, and huge blocks of dingy meat factories, whose labyrinthine passages defied a breath of fresh air to penetrate them; and there were not merely rivers of hot blood, and carloads of moist flesh, and rendering vats and soap caldrons, glue factories and fertilizer tanks, that smelt like the craters of hell—there were also tons of garbage festering in the sun, and the greasy laundry of the workers hung out to dry, and dining rooms littered with food and black with flies, and toilet rooms that were open sewers.

Excerpt From Chapter 29 To Jurgis the packers had been equivalent to fate; Ostrinski showed him that they were the Beef Trust. They were a gigantic combination of capital, which had crushed all opposition, and overthrown the laws of the land, and was preying upon the people.

Take out ½ a sheet of paper Using what we have talked about today complete the following sentence and turn it in. Progressive reform began with ______, continued with ______, and was successful at ________, despite, ____________.