Indo-European Migrations: 4m-2m BCE The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents”
The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”
Sumerians
Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic Enki Innana Appeasement of the gods
Ziggurat at Ur Monumental Architecture = a hallmark of “civilization”
Mesopotamian Trade “The Cuneiform World”
Technology Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing
Cuneiform Writing
Sumerian Cylinder Seals
Gilgamesh: The First Literature
The Royal Standard of Ur Circa 2600 BCE The Royal Standard of Ur Circa 2600 BCE
Mesopotamian Harp
Board Game From Ur
Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills at Ur
Sargon of Akkad: “ The World’s First Empire” [Akkadians]
The Babylonian Empires
Hammurabi’s [r B. C. E.] Code
Hammurabi, the Judge
Important Facts Difficult geography for farming – unpredictable rivers Open geography led to invasions Open geography led to trade and exchange of ideas FIRSTS: agriculture, Writing, wheel, cities, base- 60 counting, literature Important Facts Difficult geography for farming – unpredictable rivers Open geography led to invasions Open geography led to trade and exchange of ideas FIRSTS: agriculture, Writing, wheel, cities, base- 60 counting, literature
A View of Egypt by Satellite
The Fertile Nile Valley
The Annual Flooding of the Nile
Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf
Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c B. C. E. ?
Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life
Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Egyptian Priestly Class
Egyptian Scribe
Papyrus Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece
Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” phonetic symbols
Materials Used in Mummification 1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10. Frankinsense
Preparation for the Afterlife
Egyptian Mummies Seti I B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E. Ramses II B. C. E.
Egyptian Book of the Dead
The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris
Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
Giza Pyramid Complex
Important Facts Calm environment and protected geography = better view of afterlife and godsCalm environment and protected geography = better view of afterlife and gods Also allows Egypt to unify under 1 governmentAlso allows Egypt to unify under 1 government Trade and exchange occurred south to Nubia and East to MesopotamiaTrade and exchange occurred south to Nubia and East to Mesopotamia