Document that explains the chosen concept to the animator 1

Conductivity in intrinsic semiconductors Variation of the conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor with temperature is explored in this simulation. Authors Anura.B.Kenkre Course Name: Semiconducting properties of materials. 2 Prior Viewing LOs: Band Gap Energy, Intrinsic semiconductors. Future Viewing LOs: Conductivity in Extrinsic semiconductors.

Learning Objectives After interacting with this Learning Object, the learner will be able to: Predict the effect of a change in temperature on the conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor. 3

Definitions of the components/Keywords: Any chemically pure semiconductor has properties which are characteristic of the material alone. Such a material is called an intrinsic semiconductor. The conductivity of a substance is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity. 4

5 IMPORTANT NOTE TO THE ANIMATOR: All the instructions/labels or anything WRITTEN in blue are CONTENT NOT TO BE DISPLAYED! All the instructions WRITTEN in black are CONTENT TO BE DISPLAYED! This is not applicable for images as there can be overlapping of these colours there. This should be followed for all the instructions,labels,etc… Kindly keep a note of this while displaying text in the animation.

Master layout or diagram Make a schematic diagram of the concept Explain to the animator about the beginning and ending of the process. Draw image big enough for explaining. In above image, identify and label different components of the process/phenomenon. (These are like characters in a film)‏ Illustrate the basic flow of action by using arrows. Use BOLD lines in the diagram, (minimum 2pts.)‏ In the slide after that, provide the definitions of ALL the labels used in the diagram INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE 6

Master layout or diagram You may have multiple master layouts. –In this case, number the master layout. ( e.g. Master layout 1)‏ – Each Master layout should be followed by the stepwise description of the animation stages related to it INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE 7

Master Layout battery thermometer burner stand holder wires The black lines along with the battery, sample and the bulb is called the circuit. the image of the thermometer, beaker, burner,etc is called the experimental set up.. The sample should look like it is placed in the water..It is not looking like that here since the circuit is drawn and the experimental set up is an image. beaker water sample bulb 12V 8 Ge

Master Layout V Ge Microscopic picture electrons Atoms of the lattice 9 In all the microscopic picture animations, kindly see to it that the electrons are brought to front of the atoms of the lattice. since the number was too large, it is not done in PowerPoint.also add a minus sign to them, it is not added here as they are very tiny here..

Animation design Please see the design template provided in the next slide. This is a sample template, and you are free to change as per your design requirements. Try and recreate the sections/subsections as shown in the template

Lets Learn! Credits 11 Definitions Test your understanding (questionnaire) ‏ Lets Sum up (summary) ‏ Want to know more… (Further Reading) ‏ Slide 3 Slide 4 Slide Slide 35 Slide 33 Use STAM template 12V σ(mho/m) T(K) Temperature(K) Ge 12 V Ge Microscopic picture Experimental Setup Graph of conductivity versus temperature 12V

Explain the process In this step, use an example to explain the concept. It can be an analogy, a scenario, or an action which explains this concept/process/topic Try to use examples from day-to-day life to make it more clear You have to describe what steps the animator should take to make your concept come alive as a series of moving images. Keep the examples simple to understand, and also to illustrate/animate. 12

Stepwise description of process The goal of the document is to provide instructions to an animator who is not a expert. You have to describe what steps the animator should take to make your concept come alive as a moving visualization. Use one slide per step. This will ensure clarity of the explanation. Add a image of the step in the box, and the details in the table below the box. You can use any images for reference, but mention about it's copyright status The animator will have to re-draw / re-create the drawings Add more slides as per the requirement of the animation

T(K) σ(mho/m) 12V Temperature(K) Ge Microscopic picture Experimental Setup Graph of conductivity versus temperature 0 K Conduction Band 14 12V

Step 1: Refer to the figures on previous slide. Audio Narration Description of the action/ interactivity 15 1.let the temperature slider bar be clickable. 2.Put the markings on the temperature slider bar according to the values on slide 26.In the image on the previous slide,only the end points are given due to space constraints. 3.As the user varies the slider bar,plot the graph dynamically..that is,the graph is to be plotted upto that point to which the slider bar is dragged. 4.Just replicate the graph as it is… 5.The bulb should not glow at T=0 K. And the current position should be indicated by a red dot on the graph. Here, the graph should be plotted upto the red spot on the graph. 6.Indicate the temperature value in the blue box next to the thermometer as the user varies the slider bar.

12V Temperature(K) Ge Microscopic picture Experimental Setup Graph of conductivity versus temperature 100K Conduction Band T(K) σ(mho/m) 16 12V

Step 1.1: Refer to the figures on previous slide. Audio Narration Description of the action/ interactivity 17 1.If the user selects intrinsic semiconductors,let the temperature slider bar get clickable. 2.Put the markings on the temperature slider bar according to the values on slide 26.In the image on the previous slide,only the end points are given due to space constraints. 3.As the user varies the slider bar,plot the graph dynamically..that is,the graph is to be plotted upto that point to which the slider bar is dragged. 4.Just replicate the graph as it is… 5.The bulb should not glow at T=100 K.And the graph should be plotted till the red spot on the graph. 6.Indicate the temperature value in the blue box next to the thermometer as the user varies the slider bar.

Conduction Band 12V Temperature(K) Ge Microscopic picture Experimental Setup Graph of conductivity versus temperature T(K) σ(mho/m) 18 12V 300K

Step 1.2: Refer to the figures on previous slide. Audio Narration Description of the action/ interactivity 19 1.If the user selects intrinsic semiconductors,let the temperature slider bar get clickable. 2.Put the markings on the temperature slider bar according to the values on slide 26.In the image on the previous slide,only the end points are given due to space constraints. 3.As the user varies the slider bar,plot the graph dynamically..that is,the graph is to be plotted upto that point to which the slider bar is dragged. 4.Just replicate the graph as it is… 5.The bulb should not glow at T=300K.And the graph should be plotted till the red spot on the graph. 6.And show the animation as indicated in the microscopic picture. 7.Indicate the temperature value in the blue box next to the thermometer as the user varies the slider bar.

Conduction Band Temperature(K) Ge Experimental Setup 12V Ge Microscopic picture Graph of conductivity versus temperature T(K) σ(mho/m) 20 12V 700K

Step 1.3: Refer to the figures on previous slide. Audio Narration Description of the action/ interactivity 21 1.If the user selects intrinsic semiconductors,let the temperature slider bar get clickable. 2.Put the markings on the temperature slider bar according to the values on slide 26.In the image on the previous slide,only the end points are given due to space constraints. 3.As the user varies the slider bar,plot the graph dynamically..that is,the graph is to be plotted upto that point to which the slider bar is dragged. 4.Just replicate the graph as it is… 5.The bulb should glow at T=700 K.And the graph should be plotted till the red spot on the graph. 6.And show the animation as indicated in the microscopic picture. 7.Indicate the temperature value in the blue box next to the thermometer as the user varies the slider bar.

Conduction Band Temperature(K) Ge Experimental Setup 12V Ge Microscopic picture Graph of conductivity versus temperature T(K) σ(mho/m) 22 12V 900K

Step1.4: Refer to the figures on previous slide. Audio Narration Description of the action/ interactivity 23 1.If the user selects intrinsic semiconductors,let the temperature slider bar get clickable. 2.Put the markings on the temperature slider bar according to the values on slide 26.In the image on the previous slide,only the end points are given due to space constraints. 3.As the user varies the slider bar,plot the graph dynamically..that is,the graph is to be plotted upto that point to which the slider bar is dragged. 4.Just replicate the graph as it is… 5.The bulb should glow a lot more at T=900 K.And the graph should be plotted till the red spot on the graph. 6.And show the animation as indicated in the microscopic picture. 7.Indicate the temperature value in the blue box next to the thermometer as the user varies the slider bar.

Conduction Band Temperature(K) Ge Experimental Setup Graph of conductivity versus temperature 12V Ge Microscopic picture T(K) σ(mho/m) 24 12V 1000K

Step 1.5: Refer to the figures on previous slide. Audio Narration Description of the action/ interactivity 25 1.If the user selects intrinsic semiconductors,let the temperature slider bar get clickable. 2.Put the markings on the temperature slider bar according to the values on slide 26.In the image on the previous slide,only the end points are given due to space constraints. 3.As the user varies the slider bar,plot the graph dynamically..that is,the graph is to be plotted upto that point to which the slider bar is dragged. 4.Just replicate the graph as it is… 5.The bulb should glow brightest at T=1000 K.And the graph should be plotted till the red spot on the graph. 6.And show the animation as indicated in the microscopic picture. 7.Indicate the temperature value in the blue box next to the thermometer as the user varies the slider bar.

The scale to be followed for the temperature slider bar is as follows: 26

Interactivity and Boundary limits In this section, you will add the ‘Interactivity’ options to the animation. Use the template in the next slide to give the details. Insert the image of the step/s (explained earlier in the Section 3) in the box, and provide the details in the table below. The details of Interactivity could be: Types: Drop down, Slider bar, Data inputs etc. Options: Select one, Multiple selections etc Boundary Limits: Values of the parameters, which won’t show results after a particular point Results: Explain the effect of the interaction in this column Add more slides if necessary

INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE Self- Assessment Questionnaire for Learners Please provide a set of questions that a user can answer based on the LO. They can be of the following types: –These questions should be 5 in number and can be of objective type (like MCQ, Match the columns, Yes or No, Sequencing, Odd One Out). –The questions can also be open-ended. The user would be asked to think about the question. The author is requested to provide hints if possible, but a full answer is not necessary. –One can include questions, for which the user will need to interact with the LO (with certain parameters) in order to answer it. 28

INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE Please make sure that the questions can be answered by interacting with the LO. It is better to avoid questions based purely on recall. Questionnaire for users to test their understanding 29

30 Questionnaire Answers:1)b Feedback: If user clicks correct answer then display “Correct! Make sure you can explain the reasoning!” If user clicks incorrect answer then display “Interact with the Learning Object, vary the temperature till Room Temperature, observe the value of conductivity, then come back and Try again!” 1) For intrinsic semiconductors, why doesn’t the bulb glow at room temperature? Answers: a)Because the conductivity is zero b) Because the conductivity is very low, the current is low and hence is not enough to light a bulb c) Because the conductivity is high d) ‏ cannot say

31 Questionnaire Feedback: If user clicks correct answer then display “Correct! Make sure you can explain the reasoning!” If user clicks incorrect answer then display “Have a look at the graph for extrinsic semiconductors and pay attention to the Impurity exhaustion range(Extrinsic range). Then come back and try again.” 2) After observing the variation of the conductivity with temperature, which of the following statements, according to you is true for an intrinsic semiconductor? Answers: a)conductivity is constant with respect to temperature. b) conductivity increases linearly with respect to temperature. c) conductivity varies non linearly with respect to temperature. d) conductivity decreases with respect to temperature. Answers:2)c

32 Questionnaire Answers:3) a Feedback: If user clicks correct answer then display “Correct! Make sure you can explain the reasoning!” If user clicks incorrect answer then display “Have a look at the graph for extrinsic semiconductors and pay attention to the High T range. Then come back and try again.” 3) According to you, which of the following statements is correct? Answers: a)As the temperature is increased, more electrons are excited from the valence band to the conduction band. b) The excitation of the electrons from the valence band to the conduction is the same for all the temperatures. c) As the temperature increases, less electrons are excited from the valence band to the conduction band.. d) ‏ cannot say

33 Questionnaire Answers:4) a Feedback: If user clicks correct answer then display “Correct! Make sure you can explain the reasoning!” If user clicks incorrect answer then display “Have a look at the graph for extrinsic semiconductors and pay attention to the High T range. Then come back and try again.” 4) What could be a possible reason that the conductivity increases with temperture? Answers: a)Incoming thermal energy is sufficient to exceed the band gap energy, and hence leads to excitation of electrons. b) Band gap energy goes reducing as the temperature increases. c)the total number of electrons in the metal goes on increasing and hence the conductivity increases.d) ‏ cannot say

Links for further reading Books: 1)Solid state physics-MA Wahab.(chapter 13) 2)Solid state physics-Ashcroft/Mermin. (Chapter 28) 3)Introduction to modern physics- Richtmyer, Kennard, Cooper.(Chapter 23) 34

INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE Please provide points to remember to understand the concept/ key terms of the animation The summary will help the user in the quick review of the concept. Summary 35

Summary Any chemically pure semiconductor has properties which are characteristic of the material alone. Such a material is called an intrinsic semiconductor. The conductivity of a substance is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity. The conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor varies exponentially with the temperature. 36