1 Expressing and Experiencing Emotion Module 30

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3 Expressed Emotion Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this nonverbal language of emotion universal?

4 Expressed Emotion  People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001a)

5 Detecting and Computing Emotion Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time. Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine? Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco LinkLink 3:37

6 LinkLink Eckman on dateline 12:33

7 Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Women are much better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men.

8 Culture and Emotional Expression When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Matsumoto & Ekman, 1989). Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

9 Culture and Emotional Expression Facial expression such as happiness and fear are common throughout the world. (Universal language) Americans are more likely than Asians to openly display their feelings by their facial expressions. Children’s facial expressions – even those of blind children who have never seen a face– are also universal. To effectively manage emotions, people would be best advised to control their facial expressions.

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11 Emotions are Adaptive Darwin speculated that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions in the absence of language. Charles Darwin ( )

12 The Effects of Facial Expression Facial Feedback Hypothesis - If facial expressions are manipulated, mood is manipulated. Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow. Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/ The New York Times Pictures

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14 The Effects of Facial Expressions When people mimicked expressions of emotion, they experienced those emotions.

15 Experienced Emotion Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of them are present in infancy, except for contempt, shame, and guilt. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

16 Venting anger through action or fantasy ---- achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.” Opposing Theory-- Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit- forming. Catharsis Hypothesis

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18 Happiness People who are happy perceive the world as being safer. They are able to make decisions easily, are more cooperative, rate job applicants more favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives.

19 Happiness is... Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness Money

20 Dan Gilbert on Happiness bert_researches_happiness.htmlhttp:// bert_researches_happiness.html

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22 Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon When we feel happy we are more willing to help others.

23 Subjective Well-Being Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on new positive psychology is on the rise. Link Origins of Pleasure Link Origins of Pleasure 16:17

24 Emotional Ups and Downs Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7 hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more or less the same throughout the day.

25 Emotional Ups and Downs Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs tend to balance. Courtesy of Anna Putt

26 Wealth and Well-being Many people in the West believe that if they were wealthier, they would be happier. However, data suggests that they would only be happy temporarily.

27 Does Money Buy Happiness? Wealth is like health: Its utter absence can breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of happiness.

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30 Happiness & Satisfaction Subjective well- being (happiness + satisfaction) measured in 82 countries shows Puerto Rico and Mexico (poorer countries) at the top of the list.

31 Values & Life Satisfaction Students who value love more than money report higher life satisfaction.

32 Experienced Emotion The Adaptation-Level Principle: Happiness is Relative to Our Prior Experience If our current condition increases, we feel an initial surge of pleasure. We then adapt to this new level of achievement, come to consider it as normal, and require something even better to give us another surge of happiness.

33 Relative Deprivation  Relative Deprivation  perception that one is worse off compared to their peers.

34 EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2008

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