1. Naming organisms and its scientific basis 2. Evolution of plant Phyla in relation to geological time 3. Selection Diversity and how it is produced

Linnaeus and binomial classification Cladistic analysis The hierarchical naming system 1. Naming organisms and its scientific basis

Carl Linnaeus Binomial classification of species using Latin names. Based on sexual characteristics Catnip was known as 'Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatis pedunculatis' Linnaeus abbreviated it to 'Nepeta cataria' literally, pertaining to cats. Use of type specimens Latin descriptions Authorities: Nepta cataria L. Swedish naturalist and explorer Linnaeus and binomial classification

Fig A In-group and out-group Primitive characters Derived characters Parsimony Use of molecular methods Cladistic analysis

Domain Kingdom Phylum (Subphylum) Class Order Family Genus Species Eukarya Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Mamalia Carnivora Felidae Felis catus CATEGORYDomestic cat The hierarchical naming system Page 306

Fig 15.10

A. The pattern of plant evolution B. Major events in geological time C. Continental drift D. Major extinctions and the trend in numbers of families F. Atmospheric CO 2 concentration and evolution G. Environmental influences at the Triassic-Jurassic extinction E. Plant-environment interaction 2. Evolution of plant Phyla in relation to geological time

Over the last 450 million years (Phanerzoic Period) fossil evidence indicates that about 90% of land species have become extinct The average life of a fossil flowering plant species is about 3.5 million years Background points of interest

Fig 17.3A A. The pattern of plant evolution

Mosses Lycophytes Liverworts Horsetails Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes) Vascular plants Seedless plants Seed plants Anthophyta Conifers Cycads Ginko 12,000 6,500 1, , ,000 TOTAL = 282,350 app Approximate numbers of plant species

Geological time scale B. Major events in geological time

C. Continental drift Fig 15.3B Cretaceous extinctions Permian extinctions

Continental drift Fig 15.3A

The rise in the number of families D. Major extinctions and the trend in numbers of families

Plants influence the environment Radiation Water Soil Temperature CO 2 The environment influences plants E. Plant-environment interaction

Plants influence the environment Radiation Water Soil Temperature The environment influences plants CO 2 Reduces Forms Circulates Reflects Modulates

On geological time scales: Dynamics of the carbon cycle are dominated by weathering and deposition of organic carbon stored in rocks, e.g., limestone containing calcium carbonate Increasing root penetration into soil, incorporation of organic matter in soil, and recycling of transpired water as precipitation all lead to increased weathering and a reduction in atmospheric CO 2 Deposition of layers of organic matter that become fossil fuels

Carbon dioxide through geological time Cretaceous extinctions Permian extinctions

G. Environmental influences at the Triassic-Jurassic extinction Major extinctions of marine and terrestrial animals and changes, but not large numbers of extinctions in plants The Triassic Jurassic extinction was the third largest in geological time Major periods of plant and animal extinctions rarely overlap

The late Triassic Very large reduction in leaf size during the late Triassic Indicates an increase in temperature? Parallel reductions in stomatal density suggest increase in CO 2 concentration. Estimated doubling of CO 2 and 4 o C temp increase CO 2 came from volcanic activity due to the break up of Pangea? TriassicJurassic

Three conclusions and a question about evolution of plant Phyla in relation to geological time The environment has shown marked changes over geological time Geological processes and plants have interacted to produce some of these changes Three conclusions and a question about evolution How have some plant types persisted despite environmental changes? Tomorrows lecture!! Major plant phyla have evolved at distinct times in the earth’s history

Sections you need to have read Courses that deal with this topic GEOL 101 Introduction to Geological Sciences Biology 102 General Biology