1. What is the reason that populations grew as a result of the Neolithic Revolution? 2. How did changes in labor that took place as a result of the Neolithic Revolution affect gender roles? GPISD WH SCC #4 SE 2A, 17A, 24A, 29F

EARLY RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS HEBREWS The first civilizations were developed in four river valleys around 3500 BC. Each river valley had a mild climate and a water highway to other places. Water from the rivers could be used for drinking and cooking food. Each of the valleys had a flood plain where the overflowing river would deposit fertile soil. The rich soil led to abundant harvests and food surpluses.

Mesopotamia 3500 BC – 1700BC

In Greek, Mesopotamia means “land between two rivers” Mesopotamia is located between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River Mesopotamia was located in what became present day Iraq Mesopotamia

Agriculture -although hot & dry, the rivers were used to irrigate the farms -fewer people could produce more food -other people began to specialize and become potters, weavers, or metal workers -others became warriors or priests

Government -several cities were built -city-states such as Uruk, Ur, & Bablyon had their own ruler and local gods -later, several city-states combined under a single ruler Religion -polytheistic believing in as many as 2,000 different gods -rulers were often priests which is a government known as a theocracy

Building -the world’s first city builders -they used mud bricks and crushed reeds -they built walled cities, temples with arches, and ziggurats (stepped- pyramids)

Cultural and Scientific Contributions -some of the most important inventions in history happened -the wheel and the sailboat -they figured out how to irrigate far away fields -used copper and bronze to make tools -12 month calendar -number system based on 60 (seconds and minutes today) -cuneiform—the world’s first known writing system

Women -most girls stayed home to learn cooking & housekeeping -main job=raise kids and crush grain -women’s role in society was determined by social class -wealthy women could go to the marketplace, own property, & obtain divorces Legal System -the Babylonians developed the earlist written law code -the Code of Hammurabi -it covered most daily occurrences -ensure justice and protect the weak

The Code of Hammurabi “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” 195. If a son strike his father, his hands shall be hewn off If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out If he break another man's bone, his bone shall be broken If he put out the eye of a man's slave, he shall pay 1/2 of its value If a man knock out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out If any one strike the body of a man higher in rank than he, he shall receive sixty blows with an ox- whip in public If during a quarrel one man strike another and wound him, then he shall swear, "I did not injure him wittingly," and pay the physicians If a man strike a free-born woman so that she lose her unborn child, he shall pay 10 shekels for her loss If the woman die, his daughter shall be put to death.

Notes Mesopotamia -river valley civilization -the region between the Tigris & Euphrates rivers (Iraq) -polytheistic (belief in many gods) -cuneiform—1 st known writing system -invented the sailboat, irrigation, the wheel, calendar, and bronze -Code of Hammurabi (1 st written code of law) Vocabulary polytheistic—belief in many gods theocracy—society governed by religious leaders ziggurats—stepped pyramids (Mesopotamia) cuneiform—1 st known writing system

Mesopotamian Flaps Assignment -You will pick 4 items (out of six) listed in your notes and pick 2 vocabulary words and draw a picture that represents those items. -fold your paper in a modified “hot dog” style, with ¾” sticking out on the left side -put “Mesopotamia” down the left side (title) -create six flaps by cutting your paper -label each flap and then draw a picture that corresponds to that label under each flap -first name, last name, and period # on upper right hand corner of the back