Review questions What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide? Monosaccharide = one ring; polysaccharide = many combined monosaccharides Both are carbohydrates

What are proteins made of? Amino acids (not nucleic acids – those are DNA/RNA)

Is a lipid a molecule or an atom? Molecule

Difference between glycogen and glucose? Glycogen is a polysaccharide made of many glucose molecules Glycogen stores energy for medium-term needs Glucose is available for immediate energy

What is the difference between starch and glycogen? Starch = plants; glycogen = animals

What do enzymes do? Speed up chemical reactions

Explain the “lock and key” analogy for how enzymes and their substrates interact. (Substrates are the chemical(s) they react with) Short answer and/or labeled drawing. In this analogy, the enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key. The substrate fits into a specific location in the enzyme, and once they are joined together, the chemical reaction can take place.

What are some important functions of proteins? Helps build muscles, bones Create most of your traits (what you look like!) Move materials in and out of cells Helps with immune responses Control the rate of chemical reactions (ENZYMES!)

What would be more likely to help you break down food quickly: an enzyme or a nucleic acid? Enzymes!

What is more difficult for living organisms to break down – a lipid or a carbohydrate? Lipids

What is an important function of lipids? Make up cell membranes Cell messengers (help cells talk to each other) Long-term energy storage

What is an important function of carbohydrates? Quick energy use Short-term energy storage Cell structure – especially in plants Cell walls = cellulose (fiber)

What is an atom? Short answer. Be clear – a vague answer will earn partial credit. An atom is the smallest whole unit of matter.

What do nucleic acids contain instructions for? Proteins (which build your traits)

What is the difference between an atom and a molecule? Short answer. An atom is the smallest “unit” of matter, while a molecule is comprised of at least two atoms chemically joined together.

Which generally stores more energy: a typical lipid molecule or a typical carbohydrate molecule? One word answer. Lipid