Project Data dictionary – due date changed to Nov. 16 th. Project presentations start Dec. 8 th. Final report due on the 17 th. Date9:309:5010:1010:30 Dec. 8x Dec. 10 Dec. 15 Dec. 17x

The Data Dictionary Table Inventory BirdEvents Events Locations LocCanopy LocGroundCover LocHerbVegHeight LocOverstory LocUnderstory&Shrub OwlSurvey PointCountSurvey RaptorSurvey RiparianBirdSurvey RoadSurvey ShrikeSurvey LinkObservers BirdSpecies ParkName BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY Comprehensive Inventory Program for Birds at Six Pennsylvania National Parks,

BirdEvents Field Name Field Type Field Width Field Description EventIDText50Sampling Event ID such as EISE_BIRDS_SHRIKE_2000-May-15_00:01 where EISE=park code, BIRDS=general survey type, SHRIKE=specific survey type, 2000-May- 15=date, 00:01=time where applicable or 00:00 where the last digit(s) are the survey point TempDouble8Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit WindDouble8Wind speed in miles per hour CloudsDouble8Percentage of cloud cover PrecipDouble8Indication of precipitation: 0 = none and 1 = light snow during winter or mist to light drizzle during spring, breed, or fall. SnowLong4Snow depth in centimeters

L17 - Process Models – Part 2

Problems of Using GIS to Model Spatial Processes The quality of source data for model calibration. The availability of real world data for model validation. The complexity of modeling reality. The conceptual and technical problems of building multidimensional models.

Calibration and Validation of Models

So What IS Available in ArcGIS 3D Analyst for surfaces Spatial Analyst Network Analyst ModelBuilder Geostatistical Analyst Downloadable Data Models

ArcGIS Data Models Geodatabase Schemas: Data Models for GIS Users Esri has established a set of best practices geodatabase designs for various application domains. These database design models are intended to help GIS users rapidly become productive with the geodatabase and share what really works among users and our developer communities. models

ArcGIS Data Models What's Included in an ArcGIS Data Model The content of the data models can vary, but each data model should include A case study implementation that includes a small sample database A geodatabase template for importing the data model as a template on which to base a system A white paper explaining the design A data model poster Tips and tricks on how to utilize the data model from the case study and how to use it in your work

Available Data Models Address Agriculture Atmospheric Basemap Biodiversity BroadbandStat Building Interior Space Carbon Footprint Census-Administrative Boundaries Defense-Intel Energy Utilities Environmental Regulated Facilities Fire Service Forest Service Forestry Geology GIS for the Nation Groundwater Health Historic Preservation and Archaeology Homeland Security Hydro International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S-57 for ENC Irrigation Land Parcels Local Government Marine National Cadastre Petroleum Pipeline Raster Seabed Survey Telecommunications Transportation Water Utilities

Steps in using an ArcGIS data model as the basis for your design The steps involved in using an ArcGIS data model are very similar to how you might import and modify any existing geodatabase design. Download the appropriate data model from the ESRI Support Center at Create an empty test geodatabase as a file geodatabase. Import the schema and set up the appropriate spatial reference for its contents. See Copying the schema of a geodatabase.Copying the schema of a geodatabase Load some of your existing datasets into your new, empty geodatabase. Test and refine your design as appropriate.

What can you do with it? Work in the 3D world so can do –Visualization of –Viewsheds, lines of sight –Steepest path descents (fall lines) –Volume and area calculations 3D Analyst

Viewshed visible Not visible From Here

Fall line Steepest path down hill In this case over a TIN Triangular Irregular Network

Calculate Volumes and Areas And other stats

Convert 2D to 3D

The components ArcScene ArcGlobe ArcMap - this one you know ArcCatalog - and this one also

ArcScene Allows visualization of data Allows 3D interaction with data Allows Surface Analysis ArcScene documents are.sxd

ArcGlobe

Data for entire globe – but works for part of globe also Can Zoom in and view from different downward angles HUGE databases! ArcGlobe docs are.33d

3D data Rasters -- Grids of continuous (usually) surfaces –Elevation –Water Tables –Pollution plumes TINs 3D features (buildings, trees, fire hydrants) These data have Z values

Z Is an attribute Can be elevation But can also be anything else –Depth to water table –Pollutant concentrations –Etc. If x,y units are different from z, adjust with z factor: Example a data set in UTM (m) and adding a data set in feet, elevation will be exaggerated unless

Example Example a data set in UTM (m) and adding a data set in feet, elevation will be exaggerated unless you set the z-factor to to convert your z-units from feet to meters (1 foot = meter)

Z Is an attribute Can be elevation But can also be anything else –Depth to water table –Pollutant concentrations –Etc.

Raster (Grid) data Snow depth as 2D and 3D

Features

Summary 3D analyst is a powerful tool –Visualization of surfaces with Z values –Analysis of volumes and areas –Viewsheds –Steepest decent You can put 3D features (buildings, trees, fire hydrants, etc. on the surface

Spatial Analyst Derive new information from existing data.

Find Suitable Locations Raster Analysis

Weighted Overlay Boolean operators are appropriate when each factor is equally important. We can take relative importance into account by using weights.  w i *p ik where w is the weight assigned to each layer and p is 0 or 1 depending upon whether the factor was present or absent at a given location k. The weights should sum to 1.

Weighted Overlay If each layer in the overlay operation itself consists of various types within the layer, then each type may have a different score according to its perceived importance within the layer. Score each type on a score of 0 to 9 for suitability, and assign a weight to each score.

Weighted Overlay For a particular location k, w i is the weight assigned to the score, where x ijk is the score of the value j of the i th layer in cell k,

Assignment of Weights The weights may reflect the preferences of the decision maker. Another approach – Saaty’s Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) which builds a matrix of pairwise comparisons between the factors.

Analytical Hierarchy Process Assume 4 factors the matrix will be a 4x4 matrix. Each pair of factors is compared on a scale of 1 to 9. –1 the pair is equally important –2 weak or slight advantage over the other –3 moderate importance. –8 very strong –9 one is absolutely more important than the other which is scored as 1/9.

AHP RoadsParksSchoolsElevation Roads1 Parks1 Schools1 Elevation1

AHP RoadsParksSchoolsElevation Roads11/51/31/2 Parks51 Schools31 Elevation21

AHP RoadsParksSchoolsElevation Roads11/51/31/2 Parks5142 Schools31/41 Elevation21/21

AHP RoadsParksSchoolsElevation Roads11/51/31/2 Parks5142 Schools31/411 Elevation21/211

AHP The matrix is then normalized by calculating the principal eigenvector of the matrix. This can be approximated by dividing each entry by the sum of its column, resulting in a new matrix with values from 0 to 1

AHP RoadsParksSchoolsElevation Roads11/51/31/2 Parks5142 Schools31/411 Elevation21/

AHP RoadsParksSchoolsElevation Roads1/11 (0.091) (1/5)/1.95 (0.103) (1/3)/6.33 (0.053) (1/2)/4.50 (0.111) Parks5/11 (0.455) 1/1.95 (0.513) 4/6.33 (0.632) 2/4.5 (0.444) Schools3/11 (0.273) (1/4)/1.95 (0.128) 1/6.33 (0.158) 1/4.5 (0.222) Elevation2/11 (0.182) (1/2)/1.95 (0.256) 1/6.33 (0.158) 1/4.5 (0.222)

AHP RoadsParksSchoolsElevation Roads1/11 (0.091) (1/5)/1.95 (0.103) (1/3)/6.33 (0.053) (1/2)/4.50 (0.111) Parks5/11 (0.455) 1/1.95 (0.513) 4/6.33 (0.632) 2/4.5 (0.444) Schools3/11 (0.273) (1/4)/1.95 (0.128) 1/6.33 (0.158) 1/4.5 (0.222) Elevation2/11 (0.182) (1/2)/1.95 (0.256) 1/6.33 (0.158) 1/4.5 (0.222) Weights 0.358/4= /4= /4= /4=0.205 Weights = 1.00 ±0.001

RoadsParksSchoolsElev- ation Roads1/11(1/5)/1.95(1/3)/6.33(1/2)/4.5 Parks5/111/1.954/6.332/4.5 Schools3/11(1/4)/1.951/6.331/4.5 Elev -ation 2/11(1/2)/1.951/6.331/4.5 Weights 0.357/ / / / AHP

Normalization of Scores If the values within each layer have not be assigned based upon a standard scale then they must also be normalized to ensure that no layer inserts an influence beyond its weight. Given a raw score R i then the normalized score x i can be found as follows:

Normalization of Scores

Linear Programming This is a well established technique for finding an optimal solution to problems that require several factors to be balanced against one another.

Problem A farmer wants to balance the production of two crops in a way to maximize profits. The crops differ in the quantity of land, labor and water required for their production. Each of these resources differ in availability.

Data ResourcesCrop 1 Unit of resource used/Ton X Crop 2 Unit of resource used/Ton Y Availability of Resource Land218 Labor115 Water128 Profit/ton23

Turning the Data into Linear Functions The objective is to maximize profit, so we use as coeficients the profit/ton of each crop: z = 2x + 3y The equation for land constraint is: 2x + 1y<=8 The constraint for labor: x + y <=5 The constraint for water: x + 2y <= 8 The last constaint is that both x an y must be nonegative.

2x + 1y<=8 xy x + y <=5 xy x + 2y <= 8 xy 04 80

X 10 Y 5 1 z = 2x + 3y

Network Analyst There are currently six types of analyses you can perform: Route Service Area Closest Facility OD Cost Matrix Vehicle Routing Problem Location–Allocation ArcGIS Help

Routes Routes: Solving a route analysis can mean finding the quickest, shortest, or even the most scenic route, depending on the impedance you choose to solve for.

Closest Facility

Service Area Accessability

Service Area

Origin Destination (OD) Cost Matrix

Vehicle Routing

The ModelBuilder interface provides a graphic modeling framework for designing and implementing geoprocessing models that can include tools, scripts, and data. Models are dataflow diagrams that link a series of tools and data to create advanced procedures and workflows. _vocabulary/002w / Video ModelBuilder