CHAPTER 17 HEAT AND THE ATMOSPHERE 17.2

HEATING THE ATMOSPHERE ENERGY FOR METEOROLOGY ORIGINATES IN THE SUN EARTH RECIEVES ONE 2 BILLIONTH OF SUNS ENERGY

UV LIGHT SHORTWAVE INFRARED LONGWAVE

HOW HEAT ENERGY MOVES 1. RADIATION  TRANSFER OF ENERGY THROUGH EMPTY SPACE BY VISIBLE LIGHT, UV AND OTHER ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY  THE WAY ENERGY FROM THE SUN GETS HERE –RADIANT ENERGY IS ABSORBED BY EARTH AND CHANGED TO HEAT!

2. CONDUCTION  DIRECT TRANSFER OF HEAT ENERGY FROM ONE OBJECT TO ANOTHER BY COLLISIONS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES

CONVECTION 3. CONVECTION  HEAT ENERGY TRANSFERED THROUGH A LIQUID OR GAS BY MOTION DUE TO DENSITY

TEMPERATURE  ATOMS AND MOLECULES ARE IN CONSTANT MOTION  FASTER = MORE K.E  TEMPERATURE IS THE MEASURE OF THE AVERAGE KINECTIC ENERGY IN A SUBSTANCE

HEAT  HEAT – MEASURE OF THE TOTAL KINECTIC ENERGY OF A SUBSTANCE  EX TWO CUPS OF COFFEE, ONE LARGE ONE SMALL AT THE SAME TEMP OR ICECUBE MELTING  THERMOMETER – MEASURES TEMP NOT HEAT (CELCIUS)  TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOTCOLD

THERMOSPHERE Mesopause MESOPHERE Stratopause STRATOSPHERE Tropopause TROPOSPHERE Height above ground (kilometers) COLDERWARMER The atmosphere is divided into layers based on temperature. STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE

 This is the layer that is closest to the surface of the earth  Where most weather occurs  It’s elevation ranges from 0 to 10 km TROPOSPHERE

This layer sits on top of the troposphere It’s elevation ranges from 10 km to around 25 km This layer contains the ozone layer, which absorbs UV light STRATOSPHERE

 This layer is above the stratosphere  It’s elevation ranges from 25 to 100 km Mesosphere

 This is the highest layer of the atmosphere  It’s height ranges from 100 to 400 km  This is where most small meteorites burn up and is also the location in the atmosphere that the northern lights occur (aurora borealis) Thermosphere

IONOSPHERE  IONS ARE FORMED WHEN ULTRAVIOLET RAYS FROM THE SUN STRIPS ELECTRONS FROM ATOMS OF 0XYGEN AND NITROGEN  IONS FROM SOLAR FLARES GET DEFLECTED BY EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD TO THE N AND S POLES AND INTERACT WITH AIR MOLECULES.  PRODUCES THE AURORA BOREALIS NORTHERN LIGHTS

 INSOLATION – INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION  GLOBAL ENERGY BUDGET IN BALANCE –100 UNITS FROM SUN –30 REFLECTED BACK TO SPACE –70 UNITS ABSORBED AND 70 RADIATED BACK TO SPACE –MORE OR LESS RADIATED MEANS RISE OR FALL IN GLOBAL TEMP INSOLATION AND THE ATMOSPHERE

100 units of insolation Conduction and convection transfer 7 units to atmosphere A total of 64 units radiated back into space via the atmosphere 15 units radiate from surface to atmosphere Evaporation transfers 23 units to atmosphere 6 units radiate to space from Earth’s surface Atmosphere absorbs 19 units Earth’s surface absorbs 51 units 30 units reflected or scattered back to space

 MOST OF THE ATMOSPHERE’S ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED FROM THE EARTH’S SURFACE BY RADIATION, CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION – ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF WEATHER  ENERGY TRANSFERRED BACK TO ATMOSPHERE AS INFRARED RADIATION  CO 2 AND H 2 O IN ATMOSPHERE ABSORBS MOST OF THE IR RADIATION – GREENHOUSE EFFECT  WITHOUT ATMOSPHERE 33 0 C COLDER HEAT BUDGET OF EARTH AND THE ATMOSPHERE