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Formulations Active ingredient - the chemical that control the target pest may be sold in several formulations Inert (inactive) ingredients - used to dilute pesticide

LIQUID FORMULATIONS

Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)  one or more petroleum-based solvents  liquid active ingredient  An added adjuvent allows petroleum to mix with water  Emulsion

Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E) Advantages  requires little agitation  non-abrasive  non-plugging of screens and nozzles

Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E) Disadvantages  highly concentrated  easy absorption through skin  corrosive, can deteriorate hoses, gaskets and painted

Ready-to-use (RTU)  already mixed and ready to apply  over the counter products  low active ingredients

Ultra-Low-Volume (ULV)  approximately 100 percent active ingredient  little or no dilution  used in ag, forestry, and mosquito control

Flowables (F or L)  Active ingredient is an insoluble solid  Powder (active ingredient) mixed with liquid (inert ingredient)  Forms a suspension

Flowables (F or L) Advantage  seldom clog nozzles  easy handling

Flowables (F or L) Disadvantages  requires agitation  residual

Aerosols (A)  contain low % of a.i.  ready-to-use-aerosol  self-contained units, spray cans  fog - used in mosquito control

Invert Emulsions  water-soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrier  large droplets  used in rights-of-way (roadsides)

DRY FORMULATIONS

Dust (D)  ready to use  low % of a.i. (0.5% to 10%)  used dry  easy drift potential  often small area use, indoor use, or seed treatment

Dust (D) Advantages  ready to use  simple equipment  use duster for adequate coverage

Dust (D) Disadvantages  easy drift  does not stick to surfaces well  even distribution difficult

Baits (B)  a.i. mixed with food or attractive substance  low a.i.  pest killed when consuming food

Baits (B) Advantages  ready to use  pest goes to bait

Baits (B) Disadvantages  attractive to children and pets  can attract wildlife  dead pest cause odor

Granules (G)  similar to dust, large dispersible particles  a.i. is low %

Granules (G) Advantages  drift low

Granules (G) Disadvantages  do not stick to foliage  may need watered in

Pellets (P)  similar to G but uniform in size

Wettable Powders (WP or W)  look just like dusts  mixed with water  suspension  do not dissolve, needs to be continuously agitated

Wettable Powders (WP or W) Disadvantage  inhalation hazard  require good agitation  abrasive  difficult to mix  clog potential  residual

Soluble powders (SP or WSP)  similar to WP, but dissolve in water - solution  little agitation needed

Microencapsulated pesticides (M)  pesticides surrounded by plastic coating  mixed with water and applied as spray

Microencapsulated pesticides (M) Advantages  encapsulation will release pesticide over time  good safety and ease of use

Microencapsulated pesticides (M) Disadvantages  constant agitation  attractive to bees (pick up and take back to hive…pollen?)

Water-Dispersible Granules (WDG or DF)  similar to WP, but granules  mixed with water, granules break apart  no inhalation  easy to handle

Fumigants

Fumigants  poisonous gases  used in structural pest control and grain storage

Fumigants Advantages  one treatment will kill everything - insect and disease  penetrates everything

Fumigants Disadvantages  target site must be enclosed  highly toxic  specialized equipment

ADJUVANTS

Formulation ADJUVANTS Formulation adjuvant may be incorporated into product  Improve storage and/or compatibility

Formulation ADJUVANTS Formulation adjuvant  Emulsifiers: enable mixing of water- insoluble products  Buffering agent: control pH of solution  Antifoaming: reduce foam during mixing

Spray ADJUVANTS Spray adjuvant increases efficacy  Surfactant is a ‘surface-active agent’  Reduces surface tension  Improves absorptive capability

Spray ADJUVANTS  Stickers: increase adhesive nature  Spreader-sticker: combined with surfactant