CHECK YOUR CLICKERS

About Clickers You may discuss all of your answers with your neighbors before you enter your answer into the clicker program. You may discuss all of your answers with your neighbors before you enter your answer into the clicker program. You may not bring anyone else’s clicker into class and answer for them. Anyone caught with more than one clicker will fail and so will the student whose clicker you are using. You may not bring anyone else’s clicker into class and answer for them. Anyone caught with more than one clicker will fail and so will the student whose clicker you are using. Worth 50 pts. Worth 50 pts. There will be several hundred clicker questions asked during the semester. How many points you receive will be determined by taking the percentage of correct answers that you got and multiplying it times the 50 possible points. There will be several hundred clicker questions asked during the semester. How many points you receive will be determined by taking the percentage of correct answers that you got and multiplying it times the 50 possible points. So, if you got 20% of the clicker questions correct, then So, if you got 20% of the clicker questions correct, then 0.20 x 50 pts. = 10 points 0.20 x 50 pts. = 10 points If you got 50% correct, you would get 0.50 x 50 pts = 25 pts. During the semester a student will occasionally forget his/her clicker or not come to class or the battery will die or some problem will develop. To compensate for such problems, I will add 10% additional pts to your score at the end of the semester. During the semester a student will occasionally forget his/her clicker or not come to class or the battery will die or some problem will develop. To compensate for such problems, I will add 10% additional pts to your score at the end of the semester.

Clicker Question Which is an example of inductive reasoning? Which is an example of inductive reasoning? A) Planets have an elliptical orbit; they are round in shape and are large. Pluto has these characteristics and so it is a planet. B) I dissected two squid and noticed there were 3 chambers in the heart. I think that it is likely that all squid have 3 chambered heats. 3 chambers in the heart. I think that it is likely that all squid have 3 chambered heats. C) Hybrid cars get more miles/gallon than conventional cars. I just bought a Prius hybrid. I expect to get great gas mileage.

Which is an example of deductive reasoning? A) The population of the USA is over 300 million. B) I measured the body temperature of hundreds of Mexican free-tailed bats and concluded that they do not hibernate. C) Webster’s dictionary says that birds are warm blooded, have feathers and wings. Archaeopteryx is a fossil vertebrate and has wings & feathers. Based on the definition, I would guess that it probably was warm blooded.

And now the lecture.

DARWIN’S EVIDENCE I QUESTIONS QUESTIONS HOW DO WE ACCOUNT FOR THE HOW DO WE ACCOUNT FOR THE ORIGIN? ORIGIN? DIVERSITY? DIVERSITY? ADAPTATION ADAPTATION SCALA NATURAE? SCALA NATURAE? of organisms

HYPOTHESES: DEVINE CREATION EVOLUTION 1.Sudden creation from nothing1. No information on the Origin 2. Young Earth (~ 6,000 years) 2. Old Earth (millions of years) 3. Fixity of species3. Species change over time 4. Separate ancestry for4. Common ancestry for humans & apes humans & apes humans & apes humans & apes 5. The “Deluge” explains the5. The “Deluge” doesn’t explain the presence & distribution of presence & distribution of presence & distribution of presence & distribution of fossilsfossils

Shift towards evolution….because Religious dogmatism began to weaken Religious dogmatism began to weaken Protestant Reformation occurred Protestant Reformation occurred Catholic Church

Shift towards evolution….because Religious dogmatism began to weaken Religious dogmatism began to weaken Shift from religious to secular reasoning Shift from religious to secular reasoning Science began to explain things that used to be inexplicable

SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES Telescope: Earth is NOT the center of the Universe Telescope: Earth is NOT the center of the Universe Microscope: Microbes exist & cause disease Microscope: Microbes exist & cause disease

SCIENTFIC ADVANCES Fossils Fossils Show change over time Show change over time Show extinction Show extinction Voyages of Discovery Voyages of Discovery Many species found that were not mentioned in the Bible e.g. kangaroos, giant moa birds Many species found that were not mentioned in the Bible e.g. kangaroos, giant moa birds

SCIENTFIC ADVANCES Geology Geology Evidence of an old Earth Evidence of an old Earth Lamarck & Darwin came up with evolutionary mechanisms that could be tested. Lamarck & Darwin came up with evolutionary mechanisms that could be tested.

DARWIN’S HYPOTHESIS Individuals vary Individuals vary Populations tend to over-breed Populations tend to over-breed Struggle for existence Struggle for existence Survival of the fittest Survival of the fittest Variations are inherited Variations are inherited New species develop New species develop

Deduction (Prediction) 1: If the hypothesis of evolution is correct If the hypothesis of evolution is correct then variations should exist among organisms Test: look at domestic animals

How does the variation occur? Humans do it by selecting which animals breed together—Artificial selection. Humans do it by selecting which animals breed together—Artificial selection. Arguing by analogy nature could produce variation the same way—Natural selection. Arguing by analogy nature could produce variation the same way—Natural selection.

Deduction (Prediction) 1: If the hypothesis of evolution is correct If the hypothesis of evolution is correct then variations should exist among organisms Test: look at wild populations

Deduction (Prediction) 1: Data: Evaluation: Data support the hypothesis— Variation exists among organisms

Deduction (Prediction) 2 If the hypothesis of evolution is correct If the hypothesis of evolution is correct then more offspring are born than will survive to reproduce Test: Compare number born & their survival

Deduction (Prediction) 2 Data: Many are born but few survive Evaluation: Data support the hypothesis SPORES

Deduction (Prediction) 3 If the hypothesis of evolution is correct If the hypothesis of evolution is correct then differences should exist among offspring that survive & breed & those that don’t. & those that don’t. Test: Look for differences

Deduction (Prediction) 3 Data: Difficult to obtain—natural selection is slow Evaluation: Natural selection is probable (Darwin) Natural selection in certain (Today) Data support the hypothesis

Clicker Question What was the most compelling argument Darwin offered for Natural Selection being the causative agent for evolution? What was the most compelling argument Darwin offered for Natural Selection being the causative agent for evolution? A) He argued mutation could not do it alone B) He used the analogy of artificial selection C) He used the fossil record as evidence D) He used pesticide resistance in insects as evidence of natural selection E) He argued that Thomas Malthus said that over- population could cause evolution

Clicker Question What was the most compelling argument Darwin offered for Natural Selection being the causative agent for evolution? What was the most compelling argument Darwin offered for Natural Selection being the causative agent for evolution? A) He argued mutation could not do it alone B) He used the analogy of artificial selection C) He used the fossil record as evidence D) He used pesticide resistance in insects as evidence of natural selection E) He argued that Thomas Malthus said that over- population could cause evolution

Deduction (Prediction) 4 If the hypothesis of evolution is correct If the hypothesis of evolution is correct then variations important to survival must be inherited. Test: No good test available (Darwin’s time) Inheritance not understood, but Look at artificial selection in the farmyard. Are traits passed on? Yup!

Deduction (Prediction) 4 Evaluation: Traits are usually passed on. Data are inconclusive Data support the hypothesis…….But……..

But……There is the Fleeming Jenkin’s argument Good traits will be swamped out by breeding

Deduction (Prediction) 5 If the hypothesis of evolution is correct If the hypothesis of evolution is correct then the Earth must be old so that evolution had time to occur. Test: Look at the geological record

Deduction (Prediction) 5 Data: Depth of the canyons suggests age

Deduction (Prediction) 5 Data: Thickness of the of the rock strata rock strata suggests age

Deduction (Prediction) 5 If the hypothesis of evolution is correct If the hypothesis of evolution is correct then the Earth must be old so that evolution had time to occur. Evaluation: Earth’s age is unknown (Darwin) Appears to be old Data support hypothesis but………

BUT …….. THERE IS SO MUCH MORE TO LEARN: As Huxley said: “It matters not what you would prefer but what is true.” It is a question of evidence! MORE NEXT TIME