Units 10 and 11

1. What is the hydrosphere? 1.The hydrosphere contains all water that exists on the earth. Water covers 75% of earth’s surface. 97% of water is contained in the ocean. 2% is ice Less than 1% is streams, lakes, rivers, vapor, etc. The Water Cycle

2. What is the water cycle? 2. The water cycle is the continual movement of water from one place or form to another. Runs on solar energy The same water has been recycled and reused for billions of years

3. What is evaporation? 3. Evaporation is the process by which water is converted from its liquid form to its vapor form. Evaporation from the oceans accounts for 80% of the water delivered as precipitation.

4. What is condensation? 4. Process in which water vapors changes to a liquid.

5. What is precipitation? 5. water falling as rain, snow, sleet and hail.

6. What is runoff? 6. Runoff is the process of water running off the land surface. Water flows downhill from high places like mountains and hills into streams, then rivers, and finally into the ocean.

7. WHAT IS A WATER COLLECTION? 7. When water falls back to earth as precipitation, it may fall back in the oceans, lakes or rivers or it may end up on land. “Ground water” -plants and animals use to drink or it may run over the soil and collect in the oceans, lakes or rivers

8. What is groundwater? 8. Groundwater is water that comes from the ground. Groundwater comes from rain, snow, sleet, and hail that soaks into the ground. The water moves down into the ground because of gravity, passing between particles of soil, sand, gravel, or rock.

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9. What is a watershed? 9. A watershed is the area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place

10. How does water move through living things? 10. photosynthesis respiration about 68% of human body weight is water Water Cycle and Life

11. What is photosynthesis? 11. photosynthesis – plants use solar energy to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide and release oxygen as waste Water Cycle and Life

12. What is respiration? 12. organisms use oxygen to break down glucose and release water and carbon dioxide as waste Water Cycle and Life

13. What is transpiration? 13. Transpiration occurs when plants move water upward from their roots and release the water through pores in their leaves Water Cycle and Life

14. What is running water? 14. Running water flows downhill into rivers and streams Stream – body of flowing water Drainage System – collection of streams that drain an area of land Tributary – small stream that flows into a larger stream Most major cities and farmland are along streams Surface Water

15. What is a divide? 15. Divide – ridge of land that separates drainage systems Continental Divide – runs along the Rocky Mountains rain on east side runs to Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico Almost all rain on west side runs to Pacific Ocean

16. What is permeable and impermeable? 16. Permeable – water can flow through. Impermeable – water can’t flow through Review: Types of Rocks and Soils

17. What is the water table? 17. The water table is the underground depth at which point the ground is totally saturated with water. Levels depend on how much is going in and out. Review: Types of Rocks and Soils

18. What is an aquifer? 18. layer of rock or sediment containing groundwater. Usually trapped between impermeable layers Recharge areas allow water into the aquifer Used as source of fresh water Ogallala Aquifer in Midwest – largest in U.S. Floridian Aquifer – our source of water Review: Types of Rocks and Soils

Standing Water 19. What is considered standing water? Standing water is water that collects in low areas Lake – body of water that is too deep for sunlight to reach the bottom Pond – shallow body of water in which sunlight reaches the bottom Reservoirs – artificial lakes made by dams

Frozen Water 20. What is considered frozen water ? Glaciers – large masses of ice in motion; snow that doesn’t melt during the summer is crushed to form ice Continental Glaciers – form near the poles a) Greenland and Antarctica b) pieces break off to form ice bergs Alpine Glaciers – form in valleys in mountains a) flow down like frozen rivers

Quicktime Video: Two Types of Glaciers

Mt. McKinley: QuickTime video

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Karts

Sinkholes and Caverns 21. Description of sinkholes and caverns 1. carbonic acid in water dissolves rock 2.stalactite – mineral formation that hangs down from a cavern ceiling (hangs on tight) 3. stalagmite – pillar of minerals that forms on a cavern floor 4. ) sinkhole – hole formed when roof of a limestone cavern collapses

Formation of a cave

. Stalagmite and Stalactite

22. What are the concerns for groundwater? 22. Provides drinking water for 53% of U.S. Rock and soil are natural filters Easily contaminated a) sewage b) fertilizers c) landfills d) chemical spills e) saltwater intrusion