המשבר העולמי והשפעתו על מחיר ההון של החברות פרופ ' דן גלאי - מנכ " ל קבוצת סיגמא תוכן מצגת זו הוא רכושה הבלעדי של חברת סיגמא פי.סי.אם.

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המשבר העולמי והשפעתו על מחיר ההון של החברות פרופ ' דן גלאי - מנכ " ל קבוצת סיגמא תוכן מצגת זו הוא רכושה הבלעדי של חברת סיגמא פי.סי.אם אין לראות במידע הכלול בהצגה זו משום יעוץ או שיווק השקעות או תחליף לייעוץ אישי וספציפי לכל אדם בהתאם לנתוניו לשם רכישה ו / או ביצוע השקעות, פעולות ו / או עסקאות כלשהן. המידע הכלול במצגת אינו בא במקום ייעוץ ואין לפעול על פיו אלא לאחר קבלת ייעוץ אישי המתחשב בצרכיו ובנתוניו האישיים של כל אדם. הועידה השנתית למימון תאגידי נובמבר 2008

הרקע למשבר בארה " ב מיתון אחרון בארה " ב היה ב המיתון הנדרש ב נדחה ע " י התערבות הורדת ריבית מאסיבית לאחר שנות צמיחה רצופות בשוק הנדל " ן עודפי נזילות עצומים המחפשים תשואות (1.5 טריליון בקרנות גידור ) - כאשר הריבית אפסית צמיחה אדירה בניגזרים בדגש על ניגזרי אשראי התפתחות שוק הסאב - פריים.

מה קרה ביולי 2007? הריביות החלו לעלות ב שוק הנדל " ן החל להיעצר ב הלוואות למשכנתאות רבות תומחרו מחדש ב שיעור פשיטות הרגל בסאב - פריים עלה דרסטית בר - סטרנס ניסה לחלץ קרנות גידור ביולי 2007 פרמיות הסיכון עלו בחדות ביולי 2007 הפסדי הבנקים ב -12 חודשים הגיעו לכ מיליארד $

מה קורה ב -2008? הריביות במגמת ירידה שוק הנדל " ן במשבר חריף שוק הלוואות בקיפאון שיעור פשיטות הרגל בשוק המשכנתאות עלה דרסטית להמן קרסה פרמיות הסיכון עלו בחדות בספטמבר 2008 הבנקים מקבלים סיוע ממשלתי ( הלאמה ?) " התפקחות המיתון "

המצב בארץ - שונה לחלוטין : מחירי הנדלן החלו לעלות רק מ שוק המשכנתאות סולידי ומבוקר משק בצמיחה של כ -5% מזה 4 שנים עם אבטלה נמוכה יצוא דו - ספרתי אבל - האנשים מונעים מפחד קרנות בינלאומיות מממשות רווחים גידול במרווחי הסיכון מינופי החברות כניסה לשווקים מתפתחים

Capital Asset Pricing Model Building on Markowitz, the Sharpe and Lintner showed that the risk of an individual asset can be decomposed into two portions: *Risk that can indeed be neutralized through diversification (called diversifiable or specific risk) *Risk that cannot be eliminated through diversification (called systematic risk)

Capital Asset Pricing Model To build their CAPM, Sharpe and Linter made the assumption that investors can choose to invest in any combination of a risk-free asset and a “ market portfolio ” that includes all the risky assets in an economy. Investors therefore weight their personal portfolios as a combination of these two investment vehicles, in various proportions based on their “ risk appetite

Capital Asset Pricing Model This concept allowed Sharpe and Lintner to define the premium that investors demand for taking on the risk of the market portfolio, as opposed to investing in the risk-free asset. This “ market risk premium ” is simply the difference between the expected rate of return on the risky market portfolio and the risk-free rate.

CAPM According to the CAPM, if the market is in equilibrium, the price (and, hence, the expected return) of a given asset will reflect the relative contribution of that asset to the total risk of the market portfolio. In the CAPM, this contribution is accounted for by means of a factor called beta (β). (Beta is often referred to as systematic risk in the wider literature.)

CAPM From an investor ’ s perspective, beta represents that portion of an asset ’ s total risk that cannot be neutralized by diversification in a portfolio of risky assets, and for which some compensation must be demanded. Put another way, the more beta risk a portfolio manager assumes, by investing in higher- beta securities, the higher the risk and also the higher the expected future rate of return of the portfolio.

CAPM

Estimating Beta

CAPM and Cost of Capital Many firms employ a hurdle rate of return to assess whether a new investment is worthwhile in terms of building shareholder value. This hurdle rate is based upon the unique rate of return that the firm thinks investors demand; that is, it is based more or less explicitly upon assumptions the firm makes about its beta factor (or about the beta factor of any new project it is considering for an investment).

CAPM Rf שער ריבית חסר סיכון -E(RM) – Rf פרמית סיכון השוק -  הסיכון הסיסתמטי של המניות

אומדני ביטא בטא לשנה בטא ל-3 חודשים בטא לחודששם החברה טבע כיל חברה לישראל לאומי אפריקה דלק נדלן גזית גלוב מבני תעשיה

The Weighted Average Cost of Capital We can use the individual costs of capital that we have computed to get our “ average ” cost of capital for the firm. This “ average ” is the required return on our assets, based on the market ’ s perception of the risk of those assets The weights are determined by how much of each type of financing we use

Capital Structure Weights Notation E = market value of equity = # of outstanding shares times price per share D = market value of debt = # of outstanding bonds times bond price V = market value of the firm = D + E Weights w E = E/V = percent financed with equity w D = D/V = percent financed with debt

Taxes and the WACC We are concerned with after-tax cash flows, so we need to consider the effect of taxes on the various costs of capital Interest expense reduces our tax liability This reduction in taxes reduces our cost of debt After-tax cost of debt = R D (1-T C ) Dividends are not tax deductible, so there is no tax impact on the cost of equity WACC = w E R E + w D R D (1-T C )

Extended Example – WACC - II What is the cost of equity? R E = (9) = 15.35% What is the cost of debt? N = 30; PV = -1100; PMT = 45; FV = 1000; CPT I/Y = R D = 3.927(2) = 7.854% What is the after-tax cost of debt? R D (1-T C ) = 7.854(1-.4) = 4.712%

Extended Example – WACC - III What are the capital structure weights? E = 50 million (80) = 4 billion D = 1 billion (1.10) = 1.1 billion V = = 5.1 billion w E = E/V = 4 / 5.1 =.7843 w D = D/V = 1.1 / 5.1 =.2157 What is the WACC? WACC =.7843(15.35%) (4.712%) = 13.06%

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