PHYS 1110 Lecture 13 Professor Stephen Thornton October 16, 2012

Reading Quiz Which of the following statements is most true? A)China mines the most coal. B)United States mines the most coal. C)United States exports the most coal. D)China imports the most coal. E)Africa uses a surprisingly large amount of coal.

Reading Quiz Which of the following statements is most true? A)China mines the most coal. B)United States mines the most coal. C)United States exports the most coal. D)China imports the most coal. E)Africa uses a surprisingly large amount of coal.

Alternative Oil Sources: Tight oil Artic offshore Presalt deepwater Oil shale Oil sands

This works up to 70 m depth. Drilling must be done for deeper depths.

Extraction of bitumen by drilling in oil sands.

Hydraulic fracturing is used to obtain oil from rock formations. Both oil and gas can be obtained.

Oil shale has kerogen, a complex hydrocarbon, which is a substitute for crude oil. The largest deposit in the world is in the Green River Formation (Colorado, Wyoming, Utah). As the cost of oil increases, it is more economical to extract oil from shale. Open pit, strip mining, and underground mining are all used.

Other subjects: Types of natural gas Pipelines Refinery process and uses of oil Natural gas distribution and uses of natural gas.

/environmental/energy/oil- refining2.htm Nice simulation to show refining process.

Natural gas use in USA.

New electrical generation capacity in the USA.

Natural gas fuel cells

World energy price trends

Coal production and consumption

China is the largest consumer, followed by the United States. The largest consumers following China, US, and India are Japan, South Africa, Russia, Germany, South Korea, Poland, and Australia to round out the top 10 consumers. The largest coal exporters are Australia, Indonesia, Russia, Columbia, South Africa, US, and China. Obviously China and the US use most of the coal they mine. The largest coal importers are Japan, China, South Korea, India, Taiwan, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It is interesting that China and South Africa are in the top seven countries in both exporting and importing coal. Both Germany and the United Kingdom are known for coal mining, but both import a significant amount of coal.

World oil production and consumption.

United States

World natural gas production and consumption.

Left: reserves to production ratio. Right: history of projected remaining years of coal left. Right: world distribution of proven coal reserves.

Peak Coal Australiaafter 2050 Canada1997 United Kingdom1913 Germany1985 China2015 United States ??

Sources of total global oil reserves

Estimated 2011 Proved Oil Reserves

BP prediction. In 2010 global oil reserves are expected to last 46 years. Middle East and South America have most.

Hubbert Curve Most experts believe peak oil occurred in 2005/6. Yom Kippur war in Iranian hostage crisis in

Proven natural gas reserves in Peak natural gas: 2020

Natural Gas

Best estimates of remaining resources: Coal120 years Oil 45 years Natural Gas 60 years But some estimates are much longer.

Quiz The terms peak coal, peak oil, etc refer to A)How long until peak resource extraction occurs. B)How long until the rate of production begins to decline. C)The point in time when all the resource is gone. D)The point in time when the maximum rate of a resource extraction is reached.

Quiz The terms peak coal, peak oil, etc refer to A)How long until peak resource extraction occurs. B)How long until the rate of production begins to decline. C)The point in time when all the resource is gone. D)The point in time when the maximum rate of a resource extraction is reached.

Table 6-1 Mass of CO 2 Emitted for Various Fuels per Quantity of Energy Fuel CO 2 Emitted Fuel CO 2 Emitted Fuel CO 2 Emitted (g/MJ) (g/MJ) (g/MJ) Natural Gas 50 Kerosene 68 Coal (bituminous) 88 Propane 60 Fuel oil 69 Coal (lignite) 92 Gasoline 67 Wood 84 Coal (anthracite) 98 Source: and

Cap and Trade Vote failed in US Senate in 2009 but passed House by a vote of Successful in Northeast US and EU.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels