Section 3: The Impact of the Enlightenment

The Arts: –Architecture: Balthasar Neumann: two masterpieces The Church of the Fourteen Saints and the palace of prince-bishop of Wurzburg; both are light, painted with bright colors, lavish with elaborate detail

Art: rococo: replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action.

Antoine Watteau: his paintings reveal a world of upper class pleasure and joy; Danse dans un Pavillion; Gersaint’s Shopsign

Gersaint’s Shopsign

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo  painted many walls and ceilings of churches and palaces; masterpiece: the Ceiling of the Bishop’s Palace at Wurzburg

Music: Bach: organist; composer; music director at the Church of St. Thomas; Mass in B Minor Handel: known for his religious music; Messiah Hayden: musical director for Hungarian princes; The Creation and The Seasons Mozart: child prodigy; wrote operas; The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni BACH HANDEL HAYDEN

Literature: development of the European novel Henry Fielding wrote novels about people without morals who survive by their wits; The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling

Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism  The philosophers believed in natural rights for all people.  These rights are referred to in the American Declaration of Independence: to religious worship, speech, press, assembly, hold property, and the pursuit of happiness; they believed that enlightened rulers were to preserve these rights. B. Enlightened absolutism: a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while retaining royal power. Enlightened rulers emerge in Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

Prussia: Army and Bureaucracy - Fredrick William I built the fourth largest army in Europe; it was the most important institutions in the state. - Frederick II, or Frederick the Great, adopted some Enlightenment ideas: 1.abolished torture except in treason and murder cases, 2.granted limited freedom of speech, 3.limited freedom of the press, and 4.complete religious toleration; but he kept serfdom and the rigid social structure

 FREDERICK I FREDERICK II  PRUSSIA

The Austrian Empire: - Austria was a major power by the eighteenth century. - Empress Maria Theresa, worked to alleviate the conditions of the serfs but was not open to the ideas of the Enlightenment.

AUSTRIA

CHRISTMAS IN AUSTRIA

- Her successor, Joseph II, was more influenced by the philosophers. He abolished serfdom and the death penalty, recognized equality before the law and allowed religious toleration. His programs largely failed because he alienated nobility and the Catholic Church. Serfs were confused about their new role in society.

Russia Under Catherine the Great:. - Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, was the German wife of the murdered Peter III, through politics she came to the Russian throne. - She knew the ideas of the Enlightenment, and even invited Diderot to speak in Russia, and corresponded through letters to Voltaire. However, she did not adopt Enlightenment reforms because she need the support of the Russian nobility. - Under her rule, conditions for the peasants worsened, and she crushed a peasant revolt and expanded serfdom to new parts of the empire. - She expanded Russia’s territory. Catherine fought the Ottoman Turks for a warm water port and added territory along the Black Sea; Russia gained about 50 percent of Poland’s territory; She attacked Poland with Prussia and Austria; they divided the rest of Poland; Poland leaves the map until 1918.

CATHERINE THE GREAT

Catherine’s Palace North Side

Enlightened Absolutism?  The rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia decisions were ultimately guided by a concern for power and the well-being of their states.

War of the Austrian Succession:  Maria Theresa succeeded her father to the Austrian throne after his death;  many European rulers did not recognize her right to succeed him, therefore Prussia invaded Austrian Silesia.  France allied with Prussia, and Britain allied with Austria.

 The War of the Austrian Succession was fought in Europe, the Far East, and North America. In 1748 all parties agreed to peace with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle;  all occupied territories but Silesia were returned to their original owners.

The Seven Years’ War A.In 1756 a worldwide war broke out; three major areas of conflict Europe, India, and North America (“FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR”) B.Europe: British and Prussians against the Austrians, Russians, and French;  Prussian army was able to defeat the French, Austrians, and Russians for some time,  But Frederick the Great faced disaster until the czar Peter III (Russia) withdrew his troops from the war;  A stalemate led to peace; under the Treaty of Paris (1763),  All occupied territories were returned and Austria officially recognized Prussia’s permanent control of Silesia.

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

 India: Struggle was between Britain and France; outside of Europe was known as the Great War for Empire;  Sheer persistence made the British win in India.  With the treaty of Paris the French withdrew from India for good

 North America: known as the Seven Years’ War;  The French colonies in North America (Canada and Louisiana) were thinly populated trading outposts;  The 13 British colonies were thickly populated and were quite prosperous;  Native Americans allied with the French because they were viewed as traders, not settlers.  Mainly fought over the Ohio River Valley;  British win;  With the Treaty of Paris the French transferred Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi to Britain