Water Cycle Review

Global Distribution of Water Quantity and QualityQuantity and Quality Demonstration activityDemonstration activity

Water Uses DomesticDomestic AgriculturalAgricultural IndustrialIndustrial Power generation (dams are not counted as withdrawal)Power generation (dams are not counted as withdrawal)

No stress Low stress Mid stress High stress Very high stress Water stress indicator: Withdrawal to Availability ratio (2003)* Water withdrawal = water used for irrigation, livestock, domestic and industrial purposes (2000) Water availability = average annual water availability based on * From IPCC 2007 Freshwater Resources No data available

USGS Trends in Water Use Withdrawals Total withdrawals increased steadily from 1950 to 1980, declined more than 9 percent from 1980 to 1985, and have varied less than 3 percent between the 5-year intervals since Total withdrawals peaked during 1980, although total U.S. population has increased steadily since Total withdrawals for 2000 were similar to the 1990 total withdrawals, although population had increased 13 percent since 1990.

USGS Trends in Water Use Uses

(U.S. Geological Survey, 1984; updated using 1995 estimates of water use)

Potential Effects of Global Warming* Results of increases in temperatureResults of increases in temperature (More than one-sixth of the world’s population live in glacier- or snowmelt-fed river basins) (More than one-sixth of the world’s population live in glacier- or snowmelt-fed river basins) Sea level rise (saltwater intrusion?)Sea level rise (saltwater intrusion?) Changes in precipitationChanges in precipitation Semi-arid and arid areas are particularly exposed to the impacts of climate change on freshwaterSemi-arid and arid areas are particularly exposed to the impacts of climate change on freshwater Higher water temperatures, increased precipitationHigher water temperatures, increased precipitation intensity, and longer periods of low flows exacerbate many forms of water pollution, with impacts on ecosystems, human health, water system reliability and operating costs intensity, and longer periods of low flows exacerbate many forms of water pollution, with impacts on ecosystems, human health, water system reliability and operating costs IPCC 2007 ) * Freshwater resources and their management; Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007 )

Figure TS.5. Illustrative map of future climate change impacts on freshwater which are a threat to the sustainable development of the affected regions. Background shows ensemble mean change of annual runoff, in percent, between the present ( ) and for the SRES A1B emissions scenario; blue denotes increased runoff, red denotes decreased runoff. Underlying map from Nohara et al. (2006) [F3.8].

Waterborne Illnesses What are some common waterborne illnesses?What are some common waterborne illnesses? How do we detect their likelihood?How do we detect their likelihood? How can we prevent them?How can we prevent them?

Water Pollution Types of PollutantsTypes of Pollutants Organic (living and nonliving)Organic (living and nonliving) InorganicInorganic ThermalThermal Sources of PollutantsSources of Pollutants PointPoint NonpointNonpoint USEPA Water Pollution Control RegulationsUSEPA Water Pollution Control Regulations

Drinking Water Quality USEPA Drinking Water RegulationsUSEPA Drinking Water Regulations Coliform bacteriaColiform bacteria TurbidityTurbidity Organic and inorganic chemicalsOrganic and inorganic chemicals RadionuclidesRadionuclides

Pesticides in Drinking Water How do they get there?How do they get there? What happens when we drink them?What happens when we drink them? What happens if they react with the most common disinfectant used for drinking water in the US?What happens if they react with the most common disinfectant used for drinking water in the US?

Sourcewater Protection Groundwater (Aquifer) recharge zonesGroundwater (Aquifer) recharge zones Surface water pollutionSurface water pollution

Cincinnati Drinking Water Sources Two supplies: surface water from the Ohio River (88%) groundwater from ten wells in the Great Miami Aquifer (12%) Slightly different treatment at each plantSlightly different treatment at each plant Why?Why?

Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer Magnified View of Sand and Gravel Aquifer Groundwater fills the open pockets lying between individual sand and gravel particles. The larger the interconnected air spaces (i.e., the greater the porosity) the more rapidly groundwater will move through the aquifer

Teays River Destroyed by glaciers of Pleistocene Ice Age 2 million years ago

Cincinnati Water Balance Stormwater managementStormwater management Combined sewer overflowsCombined sewer overflows

PUR Demonstration

Common Treatment Steps CoagulationCoagulation FiltrationFiltration DisinfectionDisinfection

Other methods Activated carbonActivated carbon Ion exchange/chemical precipitationIon exchange/chemical precipitation MembranesMembranes Air strippingAir stripping (then comes distribution)

Greater Cincinnati Water Works Major Treatment Processes: Settling (coagulation, flocculation) Filtration Disinfection