Can we detect a liar?  3 Volunteers will try to lie to the class.  They can either take or not take a dollar from an envelope & must successfully lie to us to keep the dollar & gain a candy bar (Woohoo! Extrinsic Motivators!).  They will enter the class at the same time & must answer any (reasonable) question that we ask of them to help us discern if they are lying or not.

Facial Expression of Emotion  Paul Ekman had people from different cultures identify various facial expressions & found they all responded similarly. (But study was invalid)  Ekman had the Fore Tribe in New Guinea match up photographs of facial expressions to events in stories. Same results as first study.  Some Facial Expressions are universal indicators of emotion.

More Thorough Test

Display Rules  Informal cultural norms about how emotion should be expressed. What rules do we have in the United States? Differences with other countries? Differences between males & females?

Anger  Catharsis- releasing pent-up frustration & aggression to provide relief from these feelings.  Research shows that Anger Catharsis does not work. Acting aggressively only encourages more aggression/frustration. This is an example of behavior feedback. “I don’t care what anyone says. Boys need to be physical. Thye need an outlet for all of their aggression. It’s better they do it on the football field than in school.” B.S.

Happiness Happiness (2:20) (14:00)  Feel Good, Do Good Phenomenon Ones’ tendency to be more helpful when in a good mood Inverse is also true (Example of Behavior Feedback)  Subjective Well-Being Self-Perceived Happiness with life  Adaptation Level Phenomenon Adjusting to circumstances/ Finding a new normal “I’d be happier if I made more..” Winning 5 million=Euphoria only temporary  Relative Deprivation The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself. (Tom & Tina always get higher scores than me on exams….)

Emotion

Emotions & the Body The Brain Limbic System (Amygdala) Recognizes facial expressions and the appropriate emotion associated with that expression. Right Hemisphere Responsible for the Identification of Emotions The Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System (Slows Down body) Sympathetic Nervous System (Speeds up body) *Emotions alter the functioning of the ANS. *Polygraph Tests only measure changes in the ANS (Not valid!)

9 Stimulus snake Emotion fear Physiological arousal trembling increased heart rate James-Lange Theory of Emotion  Physiological Arousal and THEN Emotion Ex. We feel sad because we cry. Ex. We feel happy because we smile.smile  Problems: 1) Some Emotions have same physiological response. (Ex. Fear, Anger, & Sexual Arousal all Similar) 2) People can experience arousal w/o experiencing emotion. (Running) 3) Physiological responses happen to slow to cause emotion. 4) What about people with spinal cord injuries?

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Stimulus snake Physiological arousal trembling increased heart rate Emotion fear  The experience of emotion happens at the SAME TIME that physiological arousal happens.  One does NOT CAUSE the other.

Two-Factor (Schachter-Singer) Theory of Emotion Stimulus Cognitive interpretation “I feel afraid!” Physiological arousal trembling increased heart rate Emotion fear  Emotions are the combination of physical arousal & a cognitive label.  When you are aroused, you look to your environment for an explanation of the arousal. (If aroused while in a mob of protestors, you might label your arousal “Anger”) (If aroused at a concert, you might label your arousal “Excitement)