ISLAMIC GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

Reasons for Rise Reasons for fall DO NOW: RISE AND FALL OF EMPIRES

AGE OF GUNPOWDER EMPIRES 1450 – 1800 CHANGED THE BALANCE OF POWER This term applies to a number of states, all of which rapidly expanded during the late 15th and over the entire 16th century. Most significant were Portugal, Spain, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire but also included England, France, Tokugawa (Japan), Romanov Russia, and Ming/Manchu (Qing) China

THE ISLAMIC EMPIRES Three Islamic Empires dominate from southern Europe to Northern India from Ottoman Empire (Balkans, Middle East, North Africa, & Eastern Europe) Safavid Empire (Persia); Shia Islam Mughal Empire (Northern India)-had lasting Islamic cultural impact

 Religion (of the rulers at least…)  All three Islamic empires were military creations  Governing  Autocratic: emperors imposed their will on the state  Ongoing problems with royal succession  Ottoman rulers legally killed brothers after taking the throne  Influence of Royal and Upper-Class Women  Harem  Harem politics: women often influenced policies, selections COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

 Founded in 1289 by Osman  Later Expand into outer regions of Byzantine Empire  Successful b/c of gunpowder in early sieges  Use of Janissary Corps  Christian troops raised by Ottomans  Were slaves, but paid well  Provided for by Gov – Loyal  Gunpowder weapons  14 th -15 th centuries: Expand into South Eastern Europe  1453: Conquer Constantinople  Under the leadership of Mehmed II (r )  Absolute monarchy; centralized state RISE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE

 Sultans control politics and economy  Promoted religious toleration to “People of the Books”  Separate themselves from the masses  Sultans will promote cultural heritage and development  Architecture  Coffeehouses POLITICS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

 Four Main Social Groups:  Men of the pen  Men of the sword  Men of negotiations  Men of husbandry  Social Mobility becomes more rigid over time  Women had no rights aside from tradition, class, husbands ’ wishes OTTOMAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE

 Millet System: Different communities based on religion throughout the empire  Each millet was headed by its own religious dignitary  Advised sultan on affairs in the community  Was punished by sultan for problems of the community  In the millet system each community was responsible for  Taxes  Education  Legal Matters: Marriage, Divorce, Inheritance THE OTTOMAN MILLET SYSTEM

 Empire at its height under Suleyman  Reigned  Conquered lands in Europe, Asia, Africa  Syria, modern-day Israel, Egypt  Hungary, Croatia, Rumania  Siege of Vienna (Austria) in 1529 failed  Built powerful navy to rule Mediterranean  Encouraged development of arts  Beautified Constantinople with mosques  Empire began a slow decline after Suleyman SULEYMAN THE MAGNIFICENT

WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF OTTOMAN DECLINE IN THE 17 TH CENTURY?  Reached limits of expansive power early on  Too large to be maintained  High taxes on peasants  corruption of govt. officials & weak rulers Rebellions  Declining position of women

 Math and Astronomy  Indian System (0-9)  Algebra  Maps  Sunrise/sunset times  Physics in Chemistry  Optics  Alchemy  Biology and Medicine  Opened body for study  Hospitals (Free)  Medicine  Kept records  Trained physicians  Medical Encyclopedias  TOOK GREEK KNOWLEDGE FORWARD – RENAISSACNE ACHIEVEMENTS OF MUSLIM EMPIRES

SAFAVID PERSIA ( )

 Founder: Shah Ismail (r )  Conquers much of modern-day Iran and Iraq  Title “Shah” was originally used by ancient Persian dynasties  Shi’a Islam  Religiously intolerant – forced conversion  Tries to convert Sunni Muslims in Ottoman Empire ORIGINS OF THE SAFAVID EMPIRE

 Greatest of all Safavid leaders  Went to war with Ottoman Empire to regain territories lost in earlier battles  Safavids fail at this effort BUT, they sign a peace treaty with the Ottomans (1612) and regain some territory  Modernized military  Made Alliances with Europe  Invited European merchants into country  Created strong bureaucracy SHAH ABBAS THE GREAT (R )

SOCIETY  Traditional Social Structure  Women are forced to wear the veil and live in seclusion  Young boys kidnapped and enslaved (like Janissaries)  Strong emphasis on artisans, engineers and merchants ECONOMY/CULTURE  Main Exports: Silk items and Persian rugs  Government invests money in cultural achievements  Isfahan (capital)  Architecture (City planning; mosques)  Literature, poetry and music SAFAVID SOCIETY AND ECONOMY/CULTURE

 Leaders kept in seclusion from the people  Inept leadership  Invaded by nomadic tribes in 1722  Gets caught in the middle of many territorial and political battles DECLINE OF THE SAFAVID EMPIRE

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE  Zahir al-Din Muhammad (Babur) invaded northern India in 1523  Descendant of Chinggis Khan Conquered Delhi in 1526  Controlled empire extending from Afghanistan to most of India

 Mughal Empire expanded under Akbar the Great (r )  Established Mughal (“Mongol”) Dynasty Ruled with absolute power  Established a centralized government Took personal power  Expanded empire into southern India Tolerant of many religions  Tried to reduce tensions between Hindus and Muslims Encouraged “Divine Faith” which focused on the emperor THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

 Empire reached peak under Aurangzeb (r )  Expanded Mughal Empire to its greatest extent  Almost all of India except southern tip  Did not follow Akbar’s policy of toleration  Imposed Islam on empire Destroyed Hindu temples Taxed Hindus  Caused further resentment among Hindus

 Akbar’s tolerant policies helped unify the empire.  A conflict of cultures led to the end of this empire, but resulted in a culture unique to the Mughal Empire.  Cultures that blended in the empire included Muslims  Hindus  Persians Indians MUGHAL CULTURE

 After Akbar needed reforms ignored  Government bureaucracy corrupt  Army behind in weaponry & tactics technology too many building projects  Less religious tolerance Empire becomes too large internal rebellions  Rulers extravagant & pleasure seeking FAILURE OF MUGHAL DYNASTY

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ISLAMIC GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

WHAT WERE THE SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE THREE MUSLIM EMPIRES? OTTOMAN -Anatolia Peninsula, Europe & Nth Africa -religious fervor & zeal for Islamic conversion -Sunni Muslim SAFAVID -Persia (Iran) -religious fervor & zeal for Islamic conversion -mostly Muslim -Shi’ia (Shiite)Muslim MUGHAL -Northern India -rule pre-dominantly non-Muslim population CONTINUITIES -origins in in Turkic nomadic raiders of Central Asia based on military conquest -effective use of firearms and siege warfare – “Gunpowder Empires” -ruled by a succession of absolute monarchs DIFFERENCES -Sunni/Shi’ia enmity (hatred) meant warring over territory & persecuting adherents of rival brand of Islam - leads to varying religious practices, legal codes & social organization

succession problems imperial central power weakens failure to adapt Western military & scientific advances rulers better at conquests than administration rulers too interested in pleasure seeking too much building peasants not taken care of-taxes COMMON WEAKNESSES

 Sponsored arts and public works  Golden Age of Islamic art, architecture  Mosques, palaces, schools, hospitals, caravanserais  Istanbul  Ottoman capital, a bustling city of a million people  Topkapi palace housed government, sultan's residence  Suleyman blended Islamic, Byzantine architecture  Isfahan  Safavid capital  The "queen of Persian cities “  The central mosque is a wonder of architecture  Fatehpur Sikri, Mughal capital, created by Akbar  Combined Islamic style with Indian elements  Site abandoned because of bad water supply  Taj Mahal, exquisite example of Mughal architecture CULTURE