President Theodore Roosevelt delivering a speech. NEXT The nation faces social and political problems at the turn of the 20th century. People work in various ways to solve these problems. The Progressive Era, 1890–1920

NEXT SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 Roosevelt and Progressivism Taft and Wilson as Progressives Women Win New Rights The Progressive Era, 1890–1920 Quiz Review Test

NEXT Reformers try to solve the problems of the cities. They gain a champion in Theodore Roosevelt. Section 1 Roosevelt and Progressivism

NEXT The Rise of Progressivism Roosevelt and Progressivism Rapid growth of U.S. cities brings many problems, including: -poverty -spread of slums -poor conditions in factories 1 SECTION Reform movements organize, believe in goodness of people, democracy Reform movements come to be grouped under the label progressivism. Continued... Movements to improve society

Writers called muckrakers expose corruption, create demand for reform 1 SECTION Progressive reformers share at least 1 of 3 basic goals: -reform government, expand democracy -promote social welfare -create economic reform continued The Rise of Progressivism NEXT

Reforming Government and Expanding Democracy Patronage—elected officials give jobs, contracts for political support 1 SECTION Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883): -requires people to take civil service exam for certain government jobs -stops officials from firing civil service workers for political reasons Continued... NEXT

Wisconsin becomes first state to establish a direct primary 1 SECTION Direct primary—voters not party choose candidates continued Reforming Government and Expanding Democracy Newspaper editor William S. U’Ren promotes 3 more reforms: -initiative—allows voters to propose a law directly -referendum—proposed law is submitted to vote of the people -recall—allows people to vote an official out of office NEXT WI – 1 st state OR– 1 st state

Promoting Social Welfare Movements deal with poverty, unemployment, bad working conditions 1 SECTION Jane Addams helps poor at Hull House, helps unemployed Florence Kelley pushes for minimum wage laws, limits on working hours Prohibitionists work to prevent alcohol from ruining people’s lives NEXT Florence Kelley, American reformer of the late-19th and early-20th centuries. Jane Addams

Hull House Immigrant children at Jane Addams' Hull House in Chicago

Creating Economic Reform Economic reform limits, regulates big business 1 SECTION Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890: -illegal for corporations to use trusts to gain control of industries -government does not enforce law at first Enforcement requires a strong president NEXT To limit the power of big business

Pendleton Civil Service Act; direct primary; initiative; referendum; recall settlement house movement; prohibition; child labor laws Sherman Antitrust Act

Roosevelt and the Square Deal Theodore Roosevelt—1st progressive U.S. president 1 SECTION Runs on Republican ticket, President McKinley’s vice president (1900) After inauguration, McKinley killed, Roosevelt becomes president Sees government as an umpire: -ensure fairness, “square deal” for workers, consumers, big business Uses Sherman Antitrust Act to bust up railroad trust, Standard Oil U.S. government files suit against 44 corporations NEXT Domestic Agenda/ policies Assassinated “Trustbuster” Really a regulator & tobacco Passed 1890 Not enforced until Roosevelt

TR Struggles with the Rail Road Trusts

Roosevelt Leads Progressive Reforms Voters pressure senators, representatives to pass reforms 1 SECTION Roosevelt signs Meat Inspection Act (1906): -creates government meat inspection program Signs Pure Food and Drug Act: -bans the sale of impure foods and medicines Does not take political risk by leading fight for civil rights NEXT Protects the public from unsafe meat– Inspired by The Jungle

“I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach,”

Conservation Roosevelt, a strong crusader for conservation 1 SECTION Conservation—controlling the use of America’s natural resources Sets up 1st wildlife refuge, doubles number of U.S. national parks Uses Antiquities Act to preserve the Grand Canyon, Petrified Forest NEXT “Is there any law that will prevent me from declaring Pelican Island a Federal Bird Reservation?…Very well, then I so declare it!”declaring Pelican Island -Upon establishing the first of 51 national bird sanctuaries by executive order in March 1903.Upon establishing Congress then refused- So he used the As national monuments

Filed suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act against the railroad, oil, and tobacco trusts Sherman Antitrust Act Launched an investigation of the meatpacking industry; pushed for passage of the Meat Inspction Act Meat Inspection Act; Pure Food and Drug Act Promoted conservation of natural resources; established national parks used Antiquities Act to create national monuments

Progressive reforms continue under William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson. NEXT Section 2 Taft and Wilson as Progressives

Republican William Howard Taft wins presidential election (1908) 2 SECTION Continues Roosevelt’s attack on trusts, addresses progressive goals: -democracy, social welfare, economic reform Receives less credit because of alliance with conservative Republicans NEXT Taft and Progressivism Roosevelt’s support & popularity helped Taft win 2x’s as many as Roosevelt

Two Progressive Amendments Sixteenth Amendment (1909): -gives Congress power to create income taxes -spreads cost of running government among more people 2 SECTION Seventeenth Amendment (1913): -provides direct election of U.S. senators by voters in each state -senators no longer can obtain positions through corrupt bargains NEXT Passed under Taft Previously chosen by state legislatures

Legalized a federal income tax Provided for the direct election of U.S. senators by voters in each state

The Election of 1912 Conservative Republicans back President Taft, wins party’s nomination 2 SECTION Progressive Republicans back Theodore Roosevelt, form Bull Moose Party Democrats choose Governor Woodrow Wilson as presidential candidate Eugene Debs enters presidential race as Socialist candidate Republicans deeply divided, Wilson wins the election NEXT 3 rd Party Splits the Republican Vote D

The Wilson Presidency 2 SECTION Clayton Antitrust Act (1914): -sets rules forbidding business practices that lessen competition -gives government more power to regulate trusts -allows labor unions, farm organizations to merge, expand -limits power of courts to force workers to end strikes -legalizes labor tactics like strikes, picketing, boycotts Continued... NEXT 2nd Strengthens the Sherman Antitrust Act (1 st 1890) Pro Labor

2 SECTION Federal Reserve Act (1913): -improves nation’s monetary, banking system -allows banks to control money supplies continued The Wilson Presidency Wilson approves segregation of black, white federal employees Does not promote civil rights for African Americans NEXT Creates the modern banking system

The Eighteenth Amendment 2 SECTION Supporters of prohibition gain strength during Wilson’s presidency Congress passes 18th Amendment (1917): -prohibits manufacture, sale of alcoholic beverages NEXT prohibition

Declared certain business practices illegal; freed labor unions and farm organizations from antitrust laws; legalized strikes Established modern banking system with the Federal Reserve Board at top and 12 Federal Reserve Banks for different regions of the country Banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages

William Howard Taft was Roosevelt’s handpicked successor who continued Roosevelt’s attacks on trusts and who supported two progressive constitutional amendments. Eventually, he became allied more with the conservative Republicans rather than progressive Republicans. After his term as president ended, he became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

NEXT Section 3 Women Win New Rights Women become leaders in social reform movements and win the right to vote during the Progressive Era.

New Roles for Women Women Win New Rights Technological advances reduce work at home, families get smaller 3 SECTION Schools offer courses that teach women latest homemaking methods More women take jobs in factories, offices, stores Some get college education, pursue professions like nursing, teaching If financially possible, women expected to quit jobs when they marry NEXT Advertisement for an electric vacuum cleaner (about 1900– 1910)

Women Progressives Partake in social reform movements that help others 3 SECTION Jane Addams starts Hull House, helps immigrants, unemployed find jobs Hull House provides day nurseries, training for public services Carry Nation campaigns for prohibition, helps passage 18th Amendment NEXT Temperance supporter Carry Nation holding a Bible and a hatchet (about 1900–1910

Suffrage for Women 2 woman suffrage groups merge 3 SECTION Form National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Elizabeth Cady Stanton is 1st president Susan B. Anthony becomes group’s president (1892) NAWSA focuses on state campaigns to win right to vote By 1914, 11 Western states approved suffrage NEXT

The Nineteenth Amendment Tide turns in favor of woman suffrage, U.S. enters WW I (1917) 3 SECTION Carrie Chapman Catt president of NAWSA President Wilson urges Senate to pass woman suffrage amendment U.S. states ratify Nineteenth Amendment (1920): - gives women full voting rights Catt argues U.S. cannot deny vote to women who support war effort NEXT

Suffrage parade, women march to win their right to vote in New York City, May 6, 1912

women casting their votes in New York City

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