Expectations and Limitations of Kepler Ground-Based Follow-Up Observations Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Instytut Astronomiczny ul. Kopernika 11, Wrocław POLAND

March 6, 2009 – launch of the Kepler spacecraft The Kepler photometer being lowered onto spacecraft. The aim of the Kepler mission: find out how many stars in the Milky Way can harbour potentially habitable Earth-size planets. Habitable zones at stars of different temperatures. Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China Field of View: continuously viewable; rich in stars similar to our Sun One broad-band filter Photometric precision: several ppm Mission extended through 2016

74 confirmed planets and 2321 candidates 160 planets in habitable zone Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China

Behind each planet, there is a star! Batalha et al. 2011, ApJ 729, 27 Star: Mass: 0.9 M±0.06 M ⊙ Radius: 1.06±0.02 R ⊙ Surface gravity: 4.3±0.01 dex Luminosity: ± L ⊙ Kepler 10b – the first Kepler rocky planet Planet: Orbital period: 0.84 d Radius: 1.42±0.03 R ⊕ Mass: 4.6±1.2 M ⊕ Mean density: 8.8±2.5 g/cm 3 Mean temperature: 1,800 K Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China

Asteroseismic determination of mass e.g., Chaplin et al ApJ, 732, 54 Evolutionary sequence of 1M ⊙ star: Silva Aguirre et al ApJL 740, L2 Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China

Red Clump stars and ultra-cool dwarfs Mass of stars near the RC of NGC 6791 and NGC 6819: Corsaro et al arXiv Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China Greiss et al. 2012, AJ 144, 24 Spectral type M7 and later: very low-mass stars as well as brown dwarfs. 9 very low-mass dwarfs are actually being monitored by Kepler (Martin et al. 2011, AAS Meeting #220, #419.06) Kepler Guest Observers Program: 'The Kepler View on Activity, Binarity, Habitability and Weather in Late-M and L Dwarfs' (P.I.: Eduardo Martin;)

Our precise methods of deriving atmospheric parameters are not particularly accurate... Kepler Input Catalog was designed to separate dwarfs from giants at T eff ~6,000 K

Differences between atmospheric parameters in the KIC and those derived from ground-based spectroscopy Molenda-Żakowicz et al. 2010, AN 331, P26 Bruntt et al. 2012, MNRAS 423, 122 Thygesen et al. 2012, A&A 543, 160 Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China

Differences between atmospheric parameters in the KIC and those derived from ground-based spectroscopy McNamara et al. 2012, AJ 143, 101 Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China Yang X., Fu J.N., et al., in preparation

Differences between atmospheric parameters in the KIC and those derived from ground-based photometry Pinsonneault et al. 2012, ApJS 199, 30 Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China

Differences between atmospheric parameters derived from ground-based photometry and from spectroscopy Pinsonneault et al. 2012, ApJS 199, 30; Tygesen et al. 2012, A&A 543, 160 Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China 5 Molenda-Żakowicz, Sousa, et al., in preparation

Differences between atmospheric parameters derived by different methods from the same ground-based data Metcalfe et al. 2010, ApJ 723, 1583 Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China Creevey et al A&A 537A, 111 Molenda-Żakowicz, Sousa, et al., in preparation

Spectroscopic: ROTFIT, ULySS, ARES, VWA, MOOG, SYNSPEC Photometric: IRFM, various photometric calibrations for different sets of filters, SED Why different methods of the data analysis produce significantly different results? Casagrande et al. 2010, A&A 512, A54 Fröhlich et al. 2012, A&A 543, A146 Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China

How important is the interstellar extinction? Observatory of Izaña, Tenerife, Spain; Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain – Katrien Uytterhoeven (P.I.), Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, et Bill Chaplin and Andrea Miglio (Birmingham, UK), Victor Silva Aguirre (Aarhus, DK) Chris Flynn (Tuorla, FIN) Sofia Feltzing (Lund, S) Antonino Milone (IAC, E) Simon Hodgkin at (IoA/Casu, UK), Martin Asplund and Luca Casagrande (ANU/Stromlo, AU) Pointings done in June 2012 Molenda-Żakowicz et al. (2009) AcA 59, 213

Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China The telescope needs to be closed when the limit is reached. (plot made by STELLA Calima in 2012

Why is it always the fainter stars that are so interesting? (Katrien Uytterhoeven) Pinsonneault et al. 2012, ApJS 199, 30Yang X., Fu J.N., et al., in preparationPinsonneault et al. 2012, ApJS 199, 30 over 160,000 stars around 3,400 stars Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China

The future is BRITE BRITE-Constellation, short for “BRIght Target Explorer - Constellation,” is a group of six seven-kilogram nanosatellites from Poland, Austria, and Canada. Purpose: photometrically measure low-level oscillations and temperature variations in stars brighter than visual magnitude 4.0 (and fainter than 7.0) Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China

The future is BRITE 'While there are more than a dozen telescopes larger than 6.5 meters there is plenty of interesting astronomy which can be done with much smaller instruments.' Bohdan Paczyński 'Astronomy with small telescopes' Joanna Molenda-Żakowicz, IAU GA, August 2012, Beijing, China