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Warm-up List geographical advantages of the Italian Peninsula. What do you know about the Roman Empire? Why do you think the Greeks decided to establish colonies on the island of Sicily? Joke of the day: What bow can’t be tied? Vocabulary quiz over first 20 words Thursday

Warm-up 10/1/15 Explain what happens in the 2 nd Punic War…

Warm-up Complete the Notes over the First Triumvirate and second triumvirate

Founding the Roman Republic Italy geography is important ▫Alps shelter from the north ▫Adriatic Sea, (east) Mediterranean Sea (south) ▫Italy was protected by mountains and it also was able to control the Mediterranean Sea. ▫Traveling overland was easy, separated from rest of Europe ▫But Italy was vulnerable to enemy attacks.

Founding the Roman Republic Founding of Rome: ▫700 BC ▫Group of people called Latin's moved into west- central Italy. ▫Late 600 BC Rome came under the rule of Etruscan kings from northern Italy. ▫Had written language, (Romans adapted) ▫Paved roads, drain marshes and constructed sewers.

Founding the Roman Republic Greeks settled in ancient Italy, and on the island of Sicily, they became city-states Greek culture influenced the Romans. Rome was build on seven hills along the Tiber River inland. ▫Protected them from invasion by sea, put Rome the center of trade.

Founding the Roman Republic Early Roman Republic: ▫509 BC wealthy landowners overthrew the Etruscan king. ▫Established a Republic ▫Republic- form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state. ▫Only adult male citizens were entitled to vote. ▫Three important groups of citizens helped govern the republic:  Senate, Magistrates, and variety of popular assemblies.

Founding the Roman Republic Senate: ▫Most influential and powerful ▫Controlled public funds and decided foreign policy. ▫Acted as court ▫Emergency senators could propose that a citizen be named dictator ( absolute ruler)  Could rule up to 6months  Command over the army and the courts

Founding the Roman Republic Magistrates: ▫Group of Roman leaders were elected officials  Included consuls, praetors, and censors  Two individuals were elected to one-year terms to serve as counsels ( chief executives)  Counsels: ran the government, commanded the army and could appoint dictators.  Each consul could veto  Veto- or refuse to approve, the acts of the other counsel  Latin work for Veto – forbid

Founding the Roman Republic Magistrates: ▫Division of power was an example of Checks and balances ▫Checks and balances- prevents any one part of the government from becoming too powerful. ▫Praetors (pree-tuhrz) help the consuls, in times of war, commanded armies. In times of peace oversaw the Roman legal system. ▫Censors- registered citizens according to their wealth, appointed candidates to the Senate and oversaw the moral conduct of all citizens

Founding the Roman Republic Assemblies: ▫Citizens voted on laws and elected officials including consuls. ▫Some assembles voted to make war or peace ▫Elected 10 officials called tribunes ▫Tribunes- had some power over actions by the Senate and other public officials. If they believed actions were not in the public interest they could refuse to approve them.

Founding the Roman Republic The conflict of the Orders: ▫Was then the common people wanted to win more rights. ▫Early republic Romans divided into two classes of people: Patricians, Plebeians ▫Patricians- were powerful landowners who controlled the government. Nobles inherited their power. ▫Plebeians- made up most of the population, mainly farmers and workers. Few rights

Founding the Roman Republic On the Graphic organizer you will have to identify characteristics of these two groups.

Founding the Roman Republic Plebeians increased their power through demands and strikes. Gained right to join the army, hold government office and form their own assembly and elect tribunes. Written down the laws of the Roman Republic. Called the Twelve Tables

Founding the Roman Republic The Role of the Roman army: ▫Every adult male citizen who owned land was required by law to serve in the Roman army. ▫Army discipline ▫Major unite of the army was the legion ▫Legion – consisting of 4,500 to 6,000 citizens called legionnaires ▫Auxilia units made up of noncitizens.

Rome Expands Its Borders 200BC, Roman Republic controlled all the Italian Peninsula/ south or the Rubicon Carthage, a powerful city on the coast of North Africa/ and had colonies and markers on Sicily. Romans moved into southern Italy Carthage feared they would take their colonies on Sicily Carthage use to be a Phoenician colony.

Rome Expands Its Borders Carthage feared that they would also try to take Sicily. Rome feared that Carthage would control the Mediterranean. (remember war was caused because they wanted to control trade and take over the Mediterranean.) Fears caused the Punic Wars!

Rome Expands Its Borders First Punic War: ▫264 B.C. ▫Rome had no Navy, built one(used a Carthage ship as a model) ▫23 years of war, Carthage asked for peace. ▫Romans made Carthage pay a large sum of money for the damages it has caused and forced it to give up Sicily. ▫Rome controlled a territory outside of Italy.

Rome Expands Its Borders Second Punic War: ▫218 B.C. (Spain) ▫Hannibal- one of the greatest generals of all time ▫They marched across the Alps into Italy. ▫Won several victories, causing the Romans to retreat before him. ▫Hannibal tried to win Rome's allies, but because of Rome’s policy of sharing citizenship and political power, many people stayed loyal to Rome.

Rome Expands Its Borders Second Punic War: ▫Rome took the battle to Carthage. (Africa) ▫Roman general named Scipio ▫Battle of Zama, Scipio defeated Hannibal and his army. ▫Carthage had to pay money to Rome once again. ▫Had to give up most of its navy and Rome was now the most powerful force in the western Mediterranean.

Rome Expands Its Borders Third Punic War: ▫Roman Senate wanted to crush Carthage. ▫149 B.C. Rome declared war on Carthage ▫Carthage was destroyed in 146 B.C. ▫Macedonia allied with Carthage to get revenge on Rome, but Rome started a war with Macedonia and defeated it in 197 B.C. ▫Greek cities came under Roman, “protection”.

Rome Expands Its Borders Expansion ▫Senate gained almost complete control over the army and foreign policy. ▫Didn’t allow the people of the new territory (called provinces) to become citizens. ▫Subjects of Rome ▫Many of the farmers who were soldiers, came back to find their farms had been destroyed. (didn’t have enough money0 ▫Moved to the city ▫Equites –had great wealth and political influence. (very important, gap between poor and rich grew)

The Birth of the Roman Empire Two brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus needed to reform. Known as the Gracchi Tiberius elected tribune in 133 BC ▫Wanted land reforms/ popular with the common people. ▫Mob of senators and their supporters clubbed Tiberius and hundreds of his followers to death

The Birth of the Roman Empire Gaius was elected tribune in 123 BC and again in 122 BC ▫Used public funds to buy grain and sold to the poor at a low price. ▫These acts upset the senators ▫Killed in a riot ▫Turning point/ violence replaced respect for the law as the primary tool of politics

Social War: Allies wanted to hold citizenship and benefit in Rome's growing power Wanted the right to hold public office/ these men served in the army and fought in the Punic Wars 91 BC allies rebelled war that followed was called social war Rome won, but the Senate agreed to the allies calls for citizenship and political participation. Rome grew, became more powerful and everyone on the Italian Peninsula called themselves Romans.

Social War: Gaius Marius: Roman General who was elected consul in 107 BC ▫Changes in the Roman political scene, created an army of volunteers who were all rewarded with money, newly conquered land and war loot ▫Troops became more loyal to them than the government.

Social War: Lucius Cornelius Sulla: elected to consul, after term expired he wanted to take military command that promised to gain him fame. ▫Enemies in Rome led by Marius, tried to prevent him from doing that. ▫Led to a civil war ▫Sulla won from 82 BC- 79 BC ruled as a dictator ▫Enlarged the senate by 300 members and giving it complete control over the government

Caesar in Power Julius Caesar: nephew of Marius, popular general during his time/ great speaker and had a huge following of Rome’s poor ▫First Triumvirate:  60 BC joined with two other popular generals Gnaeus Pompey and Licinius Crassus  Formed a political alliance called the First Triumvirate  (Rule of three)

Caesar in Power Won a loyal army: ▫Took control of Gaul (region that is France) ▫10 years brought all of Gaul under Roman rule. ▫Crassus died in battle in 53 BC ▫Pompey was made sole consul in 52 BC/ he also became jealous of Caesar’s rising fame ▫Ordered him back to Rome, Caesar refused to give up his military command and second place to Pompey. ▫Marched army to Rome in 49 BC

Caesar in Power Marched his troops across the Rubicon into Italy, declared war on the Republic. Pompey and his followers fled to Greece Caesar defeated him and marched his army to Egypt Put Cleopatra- a daughter of the ruling Ptolemy family on the throne as a Roman ally 46 BC Caesar returned to Rome, two years later Senate declared him a dictator for life.

Rule of Caesar Increased senate to 900 members Reduced its power Formed a conspiracy against him Caesar friends Cassius and Brutus killed Caesar in the Senate on March 15 “ Ides of March 44 BC

Roman Empire Second Triumvirate: ▫Octavian 19 years old ▫Marc Anthony a general and an ally took control in Rome ▫Octavian, Anthony and Lepidus Caesar made up the second Triumvirate ▫Octavian and Anthony divided the Roman world  Anthony took the east and Octavian the west  Octavian persuaded the Senate to declare war on Anthony and Cleopatra  Octavian captured Alexandria  Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide.

Warm-up Work on Chapter 8 lesson 1 Cornell notes