The Civil Rights Movement 1960s

Emmett Till 1955: 14 years old from Chicago Accused of whistling at a white store owner’s wife while visiting grandfather in Mississippi Taken from bed and beaten, eyes gouged out, and drown him by tying a cotton gin fan around his neck

1950’s 1954: Brown v. Board 1954: Brown v. Board 1955: Emmitt Till 1955: Emmitt Till 1955: Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955: Montgomery Bus Boycott 1957: S.C.L.C formed led by M.L.K 1957: S.C.L.C formed led by M.L.K 1957: Little Rock Nine 1957: Little Rock Nine

Segregation 2 Types: 2 Types: -DeJure Segregation: by law (Jim Crow Laws) -DeFacto Segregation: done by practice or custom-not by law

Martin Luther King Jr. 26 yrs old during Montgomery Bus Boycott 26 yrs old during Montgomery Bus Boycott 1 st President of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 1 st President of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Protest unfair practices across region Protest unfair practices across region March on Washington August 1963 March on Washington August ,000 people -I Have a Dream Speech What were the strategies of M.L.K and the SCLC? Influenced by Gandhi

Malcolm X Became a Black Muslim in prison Replaced last name with X defied the sign of slavery by taking your owner’s last name Believed non-violence useless

Malcolm X Went on pilgrimage to Mecca Went on pilgrimage to Mecca Returned and realized Elijah teachings were wrong and switched to non-violence Returned and realized Elijah teachings were wrong and switched to non-violence Shot 21 times Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights, NY Shot 21 times Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights, NY Killed Feb. 21, 1965 by three members of the Nation of Islam while giving a speech Killed Feb. 21, 1965 by three members of the Nation of Islam while giving a speech Thomas Hagan Paroled 2010

Police Tactics Dogs Fire Hoses Tear Gas Clubs

SNCC Woolworth Sit-In Greensboro, N.C. Feb. 1, 1960 (continued for several weeks) Formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee- started in North Carolina and then spread -college students of different races Also participated in Freedom Rides, March on Washington, etc.

Freedom Riders Bus rides that took students into the South to help desegregate public facilities like restrooms and lunch counters Bus rides that took students into the South to help desegregate public facilities like restrooms and lunch counters Many arrested or killed Many arrested or killed A bus in Alabama firebombed, others jailed during their bus rides A bus in Alabama firebombed, others jailed during their bus rides

Voting Precedents 13 th Amendment 1865: abolished slavery 13 th Amendment 1865: abolished slavery 14 th Amendment 1868: equal protection under the law 14 th Amendment 1868: equal protection under the law 15 th Amendment 1870: can not discriminate against race (voting men) 15 th Amendment 1870: can not discriminate against race (voting men) 19 th Amendment 1920 : women get the right to vote 19 th Amendment 1920 : women get the right to vote

How do You Prevent African American from Voting? Literacy Test Make it difficult to register Poll Tax Grandfather Clause Why was it difficult for African Americans to register to vote?

Desegregating Colleges University Georgia 1961: Charlayne Hunter & Hamilton Holmes University Georgia 1961: Charlayne Hunter & Hamilton Holmes University Mississippi 1962: James Meredith Riots erupted Later shot & lived helping blacks register to vote University Alabama 1963: Vivian Malone & James Hood Governor Wallace tries to stop

Birmingham Campaign M.L.K April 1963 Alabama Arrested “Letter from Birmingham” Will led to police action/violence/riots over the course of the month Police Chief Eugene Bull Connor

The Children’s Crusade Over 1000 students marched in Alabama to city hall in May 2-5, 1963 Police used fire hoses/dogs Hundreds arrested Malcolm X opposed use of children

The Reaction of the Kennedy’s R.F.K R.F.K Attorney General Attorney General Helped give police protection to Freedom Riders Helped give police protection to Freedom Riders Praised desegregation of colleges Praised desegregation of colleges Sent marshals to protect Meredith Sent marshals to protect Meredith J.F.K Called out troops during James Meredith riots Met with M.L.K. August 1963 Sent troops to Birmingham

Birmingham Church Bombing Sept. 15, 1963: Sunday morning bomb thrown into basement Baptist Church Tension over registering to vote Killed four girls Done by KKK Turning point-seen on color tv in North Not until 2000-two out of four men serve sentences

Laws that Changed Civil Rights History Civil Rights Act 1964: -Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson -Made Jim Crow laws illegal -Can not discriminate in public places, desegregated schools, can not discriminate in jobs, etc. ***Turning Point in the Civil Rights Movement

Voting Voter Education Project (VEP) Voter Education Project (VEP) 1962-CORE, SNCC 1962-CORE, SNCC Helped encourage African Americans to register to vote Helped encourage African Americans to register to vote Freedom Summer: college students mainly from Ohio go to Mississippi to help register voters and teach summer school - reading/math/history Andrew Goodman, James Chaney, Mike Schwerner

Selma Marches First on March 7, 1965 also known as “Bloody Sunday” First on March 7, 1965 also known as “Bloody Sunday” Second on March 9 th Second on March 9 th The third started on March 23 made it 54 miles The third started on March 23 made it 54 miles Fighting for voting rights Fighting for voting rights

Laws that Changed Civil Rights History 24 th Amendment 1962: made poll taxes illegal Voting Rights Act 1965: made poll tax and literacy tests illegal & stated can not discriminate against race when voting -Only federal employees can register people to vote not community members

Black Panthers A movement that came from the SNCC when Stokely Carmichael separated from the group in late 1960s Believed nonviolence not working and became a militant group mainly against police brutality

Loving vs. Virginia 1967 Mildred and Richard Loving went to D.C. to marry since it was illegal in Virginia Cops raided home and arrested them Overthrew Racial Integrity Act 1924 Made restricts on interracial marriage illegal How many of you can now exist?

Thurgood Marshall Howard University Law School 1933 Chief Counsel NAACP Lawyer Brown Family Brown vs. Board Education 1967 LBJ appointed him 1 st African American Supreme Court Justice Died 1993

Martin Luther King April 4, 1968 Killed by James Earl Ray on balcony hotel

Black Power Salute 1968 Mexico City Olympics 1968 Mexico City Olympics John Carlos and Tommie Smith do the Power to the People Salute John Carlos and Tommie Smith do the Power to the People Salute Stripped of medals only recently returned Stripped of medals only recently returned

Laws that Changed Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights Act 1968: Banned discrimination in housing