Understand biotechnology in livestock animals. Objective 5.04

Biotechnology and Ethical Issues Biotechnology- technology concerning the application of biological and engineering techniques to microorganisms, plants and animals. Biotechnology experienced greatest advances in the 1970’s when scientists began identifying and manipulating deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Greatest concern with biotechnology stems from new advances with genetic engineering of plants and animals. Biotechnology is regulated in the United States to ensure the safety of products. Regulatory agencies include the United State Department of Agriculture, the Food and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency. Despite regulations some people are still opposed to biotechnology. – Personal beliefs and values affect how different people and groups of people feel about bioethical issues. – Fear of the unknown is the major problem most people have with biotechnology products and processes.

Biotechnology Improvements Monoclonal Antibody Diagnostic Testing- fast and accurate method of testing for diseases such as brucellosis and diagnosing pregnancy. Disease Treatment- improved treatment for diseases and disorders such as scours, parasites, shipping fever and diseases caused by viruses and bacteria. Genetically Engineered Vaccines- pure and safe substances that control animal diseases. Cannot cause the disease because they are not live disease causing agents as are traditional vaccines.

Biotechnology Improvements Transgenic Animals- animals that have a recombinant gene in all their cells that can be used to produce medicine for humans. Bovine Somatotrophi (bsT)- genetically engineered bovine somatotrophin that helps cattle increase milk production. Porcine Somatotrophin (pST)- genetically engineered porcine somatotrophin that increases feed efficiency and reduces fat.

Biotechnology Improvements Embryo Transfer- removing and implanting embryos into surrogate animals. The technology that opened the door for biotechnology to be used in animal reproduction. Cloning- makes animals with identical genetics. Gene Transfer- produces transgenic animals. Genomics- the study of all the genes of an organism. Evaluates specific DNA sequences of individual animals to predict their genetic merit and future productivity.

Embryo Transfer Procedure – Superovulation of donor with hormones. – Artificial insemination. – Flush embryos and remove with catheter. – Isolate and classify embryos. – Store embryos in liquid nitrogen. – Transfer embryos to recipient cows – Diagnose pregnancy 1 to 3 months later. – Birth 9 months after transfer of embryos

Embryo Transfer Advantages – Genes of the female (dam) can be passed to more offspring faster than natural breeding. – Extend the productive life a female that can no longer carry offspring. Disadvantages – Cost. – Requires intensive management.

Cloning Cattle Using Nuclear Transfer Procedure – Flush and remove embryos with catheter same as regular embryo transfer. – Filter the flushed liquid to remove embryos. – Remove genetic material from recipient oocytes. – The nuclei are removed through microsurgery. – The nuclei are separated and each one is transferred to an unfertilized egg cell that has had its nucleus removed, thus the term nuclear transfer – Plugs with three or four embryos are placed in oviducts of sheep for five to six days to develop to the 32 to 64- cell stage. – Embryos are removed and placed into surrogate mothers, frozen for long term storage or used to produce another generation of cloned embryos.

Cloning Cattle Using Nuclear Transfer Advantages – Increase herd uniformity. – Increase herd quality. – Produce genetically identical animals. Disadvantages – Lower conception rates. – Cost. – Not currently practical for producers, but still used in research.