Masatoshi Koshiba Raymond Davis Jr. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"

S. P. Mikheyev INR RAS Moscow

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July e p p p p e e+e+ e+e+ n n 4 He

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Original Motivation “… to see into the interior of star and thus verify directly the hypothesis of nuclear energy generation in star.” 4p  4 He + 2e e MeV 4R24R2  =   7  sec -1 cm -2 2 L sun MeV 1

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Ј  15.0 MeV  B   Be * + e + + e pp – chain p + p   H + e + + e p + e - + p   H + e  H + p   He +   He +  He   He + 2p  He +  He   Be +   He + p   He + e + + e  Be + e -   Li  + e  Be + p   B  +    Li  + p  2   Be *  2  Ј  MeV MeV Ј  MeV  MeV,  MeV 99.6% 0.4% 0.002% 99.87% 0.13% 15% 85%

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July CNO – chain  C + p   N +   N   C + e + + e Ј  MeV  C + p   N +   N + p   O +   O   N + e + + e Ј  MeV  N + p   C +   N + p   O +   O + p   F +   F   O + e + + e Ј  MeV  O + p   N +  99.9% 0.1%

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Bahcall & Pinsonneault PRL (2004) Neutrino Energy (MeV) Neutrino Flux (cm -2 сs -1 MeV -1 ) Standard Solar Model (SSM)

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July e e-e- n n p n p p p p n n p n n p n p p p p n Charge Current Reaction + Z A  e - + Z+1 A ZAZA Z+1 A e p n e- e- W+W+ 2 H 37 Cl 71 Ga 7 Li 115 In

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July e-e- Neutrino Electron Scattering + e -  + e - e- e- W+W+ e- e- e- e- Z0Z0 e- e- e e, ,   NC   CC /6

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July n n p n p p p p n n    ZAZA Neutral Current Reaction + N  + N* ZAZA Z A* N Z0Z0 N* e, , 

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Cl  e Ar (B. Pontecorvo 1946) Neutrino Energy (MeV) Neutrino Flux (cm -2 сs -1 MeV -1 ) 7 Be 8B8B Threshold МэВ

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Davis’s experiment C 2 Cl 4

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Cl  e Ar Neutrino Energy (MeV) Neutrino Flux (cm -2 сs -1 MeV -1 ) Threshold МэВ R exp R SSM =  R exp = 2.56  0.23 SNU

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July R SSM = SNU R SSM = 7.6 – Ga  e Ge Neutrino Energy (MeV) Neutrino Flux (cm -2 сs -1 MeV -1 ) Threshold МэВ

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July SAGE experiment (Baksan) GALLEX/GNO experiment (Gran Sasso)

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July R SSM = SNU R SSM = 7.6 – Ga  e Ge Neutrino Energy (MeV) Neutrino Flux (cm -2 сs -1 MeV -1 ) Threshold МэВ R SSM = SNU R SSM = 128 – 7 R exp R SSM =  0.039

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July  e e + e -  e + e -

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July ４０ｍ ４１．４ｍ Kamiokande/Super-Kamiokande

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July solar  events (14.5 events/day) e + e -  e + e -

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July The Sun by Neutrinograph e + e -  e + e -

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Data SSM =  e + e -  e + e -

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July tones D 2 O Support Structure for 9500 PMTs, 60% coverage 12 m Diameter Acrylic Vessel 1700 tonnes Inner Shielding H 2 O 5300 tonnes Outer Shield H 2 O Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July e + d  p + p + e - CC x + e -  x + e - ES x + d  x + p + n NC F CC = (stat) (syst) F EC = (stat)  0.10(syst) F NC = 5.21  0.27(stat)  0.38(syst) Detector SNO Direction Kinetic Energy Position

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Detector SNO

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Bahcall, Gonzalez-Garcia, Pena-Garay, PRL Energy production in Sun: pp chain is the dominant mechanism L CNO < 7.6% (3  ) Bahcall, PG, JHEP Neutrino fluxes in pp cycle :  BP04 f i =  fit f pp = 1.02  0.02 (1  ) f B = 0.88  0.04 (1  ) f Be = 0.91  0.25/0.62 (1  ) Bahcall, Pena-Garay, JHEP2003

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July p + e -  n + e n + e +  p + e  x  N + N  N + N + x + x e - + e +  x + x e + e  x + x  x  x  Neutronization burst: e emitted during  10 ms Cooling through neutrino emission: e, e, , , , . 99% of the SN energy emitted in neutrinos during  10 s  

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Neutrino energies MeVE E E e e )2520( ~,, ~, ~    

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July e + p  e + + n   Neutrino burst  Relic SN neutrinos

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July T Neutrino burst search

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July February 7:36 UT

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Confirmed the neutrino mechanism of Supernova cooling Obtained constrains on some Supernova parameters Obtained constrains on some neutrino properties (masses, charge, etc)

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July February at 2:52 UT LSD Detected 5 Events in 7 second Time window (sec) Number of bursts 55  10  February  1 day LSD DATA

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July February 23, m v =6 m m v =12 m Geograv LSD KII IMB BUST 2:52:35,4 2:52:36,8 43,8 2:52: :52:34 7:36:00 7:35:35 7:35:41 7:36: (4) Chronology Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July The Two-Staged gravitational collapse Model [Imshennik V.S., Space Sci Rev, 74, (1995)] ahead aside Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July T c ~5x10 12 K T c ~5x10 10 K The difference of neutrino yield between standard model and model of rotating collapsar. The main reaction – URCA-process: Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July V.S.Imshennik, O.G.Ryazhskaya astro-ph/

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Liquid Scintillator Detector (LSD) General view of LSD Fe (2 sm) Fe (10 sm) H=5200 m.w.e. 72 counters90 tons of С n H 2n (n~9), 200 tons of Fe 4.5 m 8m8m 6 m Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July С n H 2n e e e Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Energy spectrum of the particles, coming from iron plate of thickness 2,8 sm (Geant4 calculations; histogram – total energy deposit) Энергия, МэВ Events Energy range, registered by LSD Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya & V. Boyarkin

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Many experiments stand ready to observe the neutrinos of the next galactic supernova. Baksan MiniBooNE detector LVD AMANDA KamLand SNO Super-Kamiokande More detectors sensitive to SN neutrino are planned or being built. Borexino ICARUS IceCube HyperKamiokande UNO and many others

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July In universe there is one supernova explosion per second There exist the flux of relic supernova neutrinos.

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Super-Kamiokande published the world’s best limits on relic supernova neutrino [M.Malek et al., Phys. Rev. Lett (2003)]. 1.3 cm -2 s -1

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July GADZOOKSGADZOOKS adolinium ntineutrino etector ealously utperforming ld amiokande, uper!

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July

S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July Detection of relic supernova neutrinos will: No detection of relic supernova neutrinos also is very interesting. verify the basic picture of star formation and death; constrain star formation history