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11/09/2015 Please take a textbook! Write your name in the cover Write the book name and number on your index card… Journals! There should be 4! Please mark 2 with ** that you would like me to read. How are the Papers going? Turnitin ID: 10702504 Password: Phelan

The Anglo-Saxon Period The Beginning of the English Literary Tradition

The Fall of Rome, circa 450 A.D. The island of Britannia was part of the Roman Empire Celts were the indigenous tribal people of Britannia In 449, Celts were invaded by Germanic tribes: Angles, Jutes, Saxons

Timeline 450 A.D. - Rome leaves Britain British king needs help against Picts (Romans left) British king hires Anglo-Saxon mercenaries to help

~900 A.D. Beowulf written down Timeline (cont’d) Anglo-Saxons take over Britain Bring their stories with them from Germania to Britain Beowulf Told orally for hundreds of years ~900 A.D. Beowulf written down

Denmark Geatland Germania Britain Rome

STORY: BEOWULF 900 A.D. 450 A.D. Geats Picts (Scots) Danes Britons / Celts Angles / Saxons Angles / Saxons ROMANS

The Anglo-Saxon Influence Germanic invaders pushed the Celts north and west into the mountains Germanic language and that of the Celts mixed together first recognizable form of English: Old English

The Dark Ages “The Dark Age” = constant warfare uncertain peace Boy it’s dark in here! The Dark Ages “The Dark Age” = constant warfare uncertain peace

Anglo-Saxon Society Lets go to GEATLAND, YAY!

Social bond/relationship between a lord (king) and a warrior Comitatus Bond Social bond/relationship between a lord (king) and a warrior

Comitatus Bond Code of heroic values: Loyalty to ruler Bravery Willingness to die in the pursuit of fame and glory

What’s the difference with Middle Ages? Middle Ages – King is at the top Anglo-Saxon period – King (lord) is considered an EQUAL MUTUAL RESPECT Anglo-Saxon King Raedwald

What’s in it for the warrior? Warrior receives: Food Clothing Housing Weapons Treasure

Wergild Translation: Man-price

Wergild Unwritten law: If one man kills another, the killer is expected to pay money to the family members of the deceased. helps to curb murder rate  deterrent effect

Wergild Every person is worth a certain amount based on their social class E.G.: Farmer = $5 Blacksmith = $10 Warrior = $50

What’s all this for? Wergild prevented (in theory) endless family feuds Only system in place to deal with murder

What was Anglo-Saxon Lit. like? Due to the prevalence of battle, much of the literature dealt with combat, death, heroic deeds, and honor Oral tradition Much of the literature has not survived

Anglo-Saxon Poetry RARE! 4 Surviving books (manuscripts)

1) Junius Manuscript Bodleian Library University of Oxford

2) Exeter Book Contains: “The Seafarer” Exeter Cathedral

3) Vercelli Book Located: Capitulary Library Vercelli, Italy Contains “The Dream of the Rood” One of the earliest Christian poems in Old English

4) Nowell Codex (Beowulf MS) Located: The British Library, London Contains Beowulf

Religion Anglo-Saxons were originally Germanic pagans Germanic/Norse pantheon

Religion (cont’d) A.S. converted to Christianity around 600 AD Irton Cross

Lamenting the past… 300 years between Christian conversion and the writing of Beowulf Poet seems to lament the past

Beowulf – Epic tale of a cool guy First written down around 800 A.D. Old English – one of the first pieces of literature Combination of Christian and pagan elements – literature as historical marker

The History of English ( language) The first minute of this cartoon will reiterate in a fun way what we have just gone over… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3ZJuCbklqg

Old English

Beowulf in its original habitat Beowulf was an oral piece, shared by a scop, or bard, in a mead hall…Popular entertainment…

Beowulf in its original habitat Let’s check out this nerd, Ben Bagby, performing Beowulf in its original West-Saxon (Old English) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E806VmFC8io

Beowulf – Important Literary Devices Alliteration: the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. Kenning: in which a poetic phrase substitutes for a noun. Caesura: a break between words within a metrical foot. In Old English poetry, the caesura is an ever-present and necessary part of the verse form itself

Beowulf – HW Read and outline “The Anglo Saxons” (pp 2- 16) Read Beowulf intro + first half of Beowulf+ annotate... ( 1 per page) pp 18-29) Bring Textbook to Class 11/11 DUE 11/11 Paper Due 11/11!