Biotechnology 1. Analysis of Clonal DNA 2. DNA Cloning 3. Stem Cells 4. Practical Applications of DNA Technology

DNA Cloning Recombinant DNA Major tool-restriction enzymes; discovered in late 1960’s, cut DNA at restriction site, highly specific, manufactured by bacteria Cloning vector-carrier for moving DNA into a cell riction_enzyme_ecor1/ riction_enzyme_ecor1/

Procedure for cloning a eukaryotic gene in a bacterial plasmid

How to get a eukaryotic gene to function in a prokaryote Basic problem: introns!! Solution: production of cDNA (artificially produced DNA that is made by using reverse transcriptase on a mRNA)

DNA Libraries DNA can be cut with restriction enzymes and inserted into plasmids, inserted into bacteria, and stored; whole genome is maintained cDNA libraries eliminate everything except the genes

PCR-polymerase chain reaction Rapid amplification of a piece of DNA Billions of copies in a few hours Used by CSI, Jurassic Park? Prenatal diagnosis

Gel Electrophoresis Produces DNA “fingerprints” Separates RFLP’s by using an electrical field Can be used to identify some genetic diseases Presence of a particular gene Used as genetic markers

Other Technologies Hybridization Human Genome Project Physical mapping Sequencing DNA Genome Analysis (DNA sequences, gene expression, and gene function)

Cloning Plants

Cloning Animals-nuclear transplantation

Stem Cells Unspecialized cell that can reproduce and differentiate Types of stem cells Embryonic stem cells from blastula Adult stem cells

Practical Applications of DNA Technology Disease diagnosis Gene Therapy Pharmaceutical products Forensic uses Environmental applications Agricultural applications

iRNA

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