ELECTRONIC SECURITY OF CRITICAL SITES RELATING TO HOMELAND DEFENSE By Brian M. Jones

Homeland Defense Due to events of 9/11/01, Homeland Defense was formed quickly to address concerns of security at critical sites Comprised of officers to safeguard facilities such as power plants and water treatment facilities Each facility guarded by two officers seven days a week from hours of 8pm-6am Other “soft targets” monitored by “rover units”

Problems with HD: Identify HD formed too quickly to adequately train officers to secure critical sites Many sites too large to secure with only two officers Because of no activity, officers became susceptible to fatigue, boredom; often fell asleep Rover units unable to adequately secure “soft targets”, as they were only checked periodically during the night

Problems with HD: Identify Officers felt as if they were “highly paid security guards”, not professional officers Vacation not available; forced to use sick time Because many officers taken from patrol, shifts left shorthanded Added to the existing problem of increased response time

Homeland Defense: Analyze – Why do they apply? Job Design-officers need training to understand role and perform duties Skill Variety-high growth need officers sit in car all night with no activity Task Identity-no clearly defined role Task Significance-officer does not believe his/her function is important to the goal Equity-officers taken from patrol feel slighted; feel other officers performing “real police work”

Homeland Defense: Analyze – Why do they apply? Expectancy-”If I try, can I perform well”; officers feel no effort involved in watching facility Instrumentality-good job does not result in reward; officers feel stuck in HD, no vacation Valence-no intrinsic value in job well done Cohesion-officers see no link between themselves and patrol; no interaction

Homeland Defense: Action Plan Install electronic security/surveillance equipment that would adequately observe facility without the use of manned personnel Use HD officers for other purposes LCRA model as an example

Sensormatic Speedome Ultra VI State of the art dome with wide dynamic range,continuous autofocus, high speed pan/tilt capabilities Infrared mode Alarm capability Able to be operated through cable lines 16 channel power supply needed to operate cameras Cost: $5000, including installation

INTELLEX DV16000 Intelligent Digital Recorder Combines multiplexing, recording, alarm/event detection Records up to 16 cameras at once With software, can provide DVD video clips to police Would eliminate VCR, multiplexer, and motion detector in traditional systems Cost: $8000

AD 2088 Controller Variable speed functions Twist-to-zoom joystick for pan/tilt/zoom control of cameras Alarm feature that sounds when cameras detect breech in security Cost: $1500

AD 9421 Monitor High performance, 21 inch, color monitor Able to view 8 to 16 cameras at one time Cost: $600

Equipment Need For Facility Security Example of large site such as Holly Street Power Plant or Ulrich water treatment facility 32 Sensormatic Speedome Ultra VI cameras 2 multi channel power supplies

Equipment Needed For Dispatch/Monitoring Station 2 Intellex DV recording platforms 2 AD 9421 color monitors 1 AD 2088 controller Station can be installed at alternate location

Total Cost Of Equipment 32 cameras 2 multi channel power supplies 2 recording platforms 2 color monitors 1 camera controller Total cost of equipment = $179,300

Cost For Police Personnel Based on APD pay scale, 2 year officer receives $46,750 per year Does not include cost of police vehicle and its maintenance Does not include overtime paid to an officer working at facility when normally assigned officer is on vacation or sick Figure is variable, due to fact that senior officers receive higher salary Total cost for 4 officers securing facility 7 days a week for one year: $187,000

Action Plan Because vast majority of HD officers no longer required, most could be sent back to patrol This would help alleviate problem of increased response time Officers left on HD Unit could be available to answer calls to facility Officers could receive training to be first responders Could involve training with hazardous materials teams, containment of area, rapid response

Action Plan Vertical loading of new responsibilities would address equity and expectancy issues Due to adequate training, and a clear objective, increased instrumentality would be achieved Increased expectancy achieved with confidence that sites are adequately secured without valued manpower Job redesign: while not tending to needs of facility, could be allowed to serve as backup for patrol on traffic stops and non-priority calls

Action Plan Combining of tasks would increase skill variety, task significance, and autonomy Would also assist in decreasing response time Strategy would facilitate cohesion between HD officers and patrol Civil Defense personnel could be used to monitor surveillance system and call police to scene of facility if needed

Homeland Defense: Assess Supervisors of HD Unit can be surveyed as to morale of officers Rate of vacation and sick time can be analyzed to see if officers are appearing for work on regular basis Response time can be assessed to see if a reduction has been achieved Personnel monitoring surveillance equipment can be conferred with to determine if equipment is working adequately and viewing facility properly