LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF CARBOHYDRATES LEARNING GOAL: UNDERSTAND THE EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS QOD: Halloween is around the corner, what is the number one thing in most of those reeces, skittles, and kit-kats we will collect?

Introduction to Photosynthesis

Building Macromolecules Polymer – large biomolecules made by linking together a large number of the same type of subunit Monomer- small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer (building blocks) Chemical reactions link monomers together to build polymers or break down polymers into monomers  Enzymes catalyze these reactions!!

Organic Macromolecules (Polymers) MONOMERPOLYMER Amino AcidProtein Monosaccharide ( AKA simple sugar) Polysaccharide (AKA carbohydrate) NucleotideNucleic Acid These organic macromolecules are made of… CHNOPS!

Carbohydrates: Monomers MONOSACCHARIDES Simple sugars Ex: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Linked together to build complex carbohydrates like starch Mono—one Saccharide--sweet

Carbohydrates: Polymers POLYSACCHARIDES poly-many saccharide-sweet FUNCTION #1: STRUCTURAL PURPOSES  CELLULOSE (AKA Fiber) – cell walls of plant cells  CHITIN – cell walls of fungi cells and shells of exoskeletons (arthropods) FUNCTION #2: SHORT-TERM ENERGY STORAGE  STARCH – short-term energy storage in plants  GLYCOGEN – short-term energy storage in animals

STRUCTURE OF CARBS Cellulose – long straight chains of glucose (structural) Starch- branched chains of glucose (energy) Glycogen – highly branched chains of glucose (energy) Only straight chains stack neatly into strong, rigid rope-like bundles!

LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF CARBOHYDRATES LEARNING GOAL: UNDERSTAND THE EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS QOD: What does photosynthesis depend on? Why do leaves change color in the fall?

LEARNING GOAL: UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS QOD: Why did the leaves start floating during the lab on Friday? What changed? Why?

LEARNING GOAL: UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS QOD: Why did the leaves go from sunk to floating? What changed? How?

The building blocks of polymers are? A. Saccharides B. Monomers C. Lipids D. Amino Acids

Which of the following is an example of an energy storing polysaccharide ? A. Glycogen B. Cellulose C. Chitin D. Lipids

Why is cellulose rigid & useful for building cell walls, whereas starch & glycogen are not? A. Cellulose is branched & CAN NOT pack into rigid rope-like bundles, but starch and glycogen are straight & unbranched & CAN pack into ropes B. Starch and glycogen are branched & CAN NOT pack into rigid rope-like bundles, but cellulose is straight & unbranched & CAN pack into ropes C. Cellulose is branched & CAN pack into rigid rope-like bundles, but starch and glycogen are straight & unbranched & CAN NOT pack into ropes

Photosynthesis

Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis? A. Water B. Glucose C. Carbon Dioxide D. Sunlight

In addition to sunlight, what are the other reactants for the process of photosynthesis? A. Water and oxygen B. Water and glucose C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide D. Water and carbon dioxide

Pigments of Photosynthesis Pigments are molecules that absorb specific wavelengths (energies) of light and reflect all others. Chlorophyll is the main pigment in charge of capturing the energy from sunlight.

Chlorophyll a absorbs …………….. light best. Chlorophyll b absorbs ……………. light best. Why do plants look green? THEY RELFECT GREEN LIGHT!!!

Chloroplast Structure

Chlorophyll is a pigment in the chloroplast that A. stores and releases energy B. absorbs sunlight C. Carries high energy electrons D. Makes glucose

Chloroplasts do not contain which of the following structures? A. Mitochondria B. Thylakoids C. Stroma D. Chlorophyll

CLASS WARM-UP 1. Get your clickers! 2. Get out your HW for us to check! 3. Get out your notebook and answer the following questions: 1. What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis? (write it out in words first then in chemical formulas) 2. Identify the reactants and products in the chemical equation for photosynthesis. 3. Draw a chloroplast and label the 2 parts. 4. What is chlorophyll?

Photosynthesis

Chemical Energy and ATP ATP  Adenosine triphosphate  Compound that cells use to store and release energy  Made of adenine, 5-carbon sugar (ribose), and 3 phosphate groups ADP  Adenosine diphosphate  Made of adenine, 5-carbon sugar (ribose), and 2 phosphate groups

Chemical Energy and ATP

QOD: Why do cells need “electron carriers?” What are the 2 parts of photosynthesis? LG: Describe the process of photosynthesis and its importance to living things. Quiz: Thursday, on Photosynthesis

QOD: Every couple days, I water my little plant by the kitchen sink. What happens to that water? LG: Describe the process of photosynthesis and its importance to living things. Quiz: Thursday, on Photosynthesis

Electron Carrier Molecule Electron Carrier Molecules  Compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy to another molecule  One way the sunlight can be trapped in a chemical form and use it to build glucose for the plant cell  Example:  NADP + = accepts and holds 2 high energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion (H + )  When NADP + accepts 2 electrons and a H + it becomes NADPH

What is the process in which autotrophs trap the energy from the sun and store this energy in molecules such as glucose. A. Predation B. Metabolism C. Cell Respiration D. Photosynthesis

Which is not a function of NADPH? A. To carry energy for other organelles to do work B. To carry 2 high energy electrons C. To act as a carrier molecule D. To carry a hydrogen ion

Photosynthesis: Step 1 – Light-Dependent Reaction Takes place in Thylakoids. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun. Water is then split into hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). The oxygen is released to the atmosphere. Produces NADPH and ATP for the light-independent reaction (step 2)! H2OH2O IN Sunlight Water ADP NADP+ OUT Oxygen ATP NADPH

Photosynthesis: Step 2 – Light-Independent Reaction Takes place in Stroma. Also called the Calvin Cycle or Dark Reactions. CO 2 (carbon dioxide) combines with hydrogen (H) to form C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose). The NADPH made in the light- dependent reactions provides the Hydrogen for the glucose The ATP made in light-dependent reactions provides the energy for the Light independent reactions to occur. IN Carbon Dioxide ATP NADPH OUT Glucose NADP+ ADP

H2OH2O Write a description of the diagram above. Include as much detail as you can!

What affects the rate of photosynthesis? Amount of : - sunlight - CO 2 - H 2 O - temperature All the reactions of photosynthesis are controlled by enzymes. Temperatures above or below the optimum temperature will slow down the chemical reactions.

GET YOUR CLICKERS!

Energy from the sun is collected during the: A. Light-independent reactions B. Light-dependent reactions C. Thylakoid reactions D. Krebs Cycle

Glucose is created during this step of photosynthesis. A. Light- independent reaction B. Light-dependent reaction C. Thylakoid reactions D. Krebs Cycle

Which of the following would not directly impact the growth of a plant? A. Spectrum of light B. Concentration of oxygen C. Concentration of carbon dioxide D. Availability of water E. Temperature

Which of the following is NOT produced in the light- dependent reactions? 1. NADPH 2. Sugars 3. Hydrogen Ions 4. ATP