EOH3101 PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Introduction

Coordinator / Lecturer Dr. Shaharuddin Mohd Sham Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia Room no. : P1C11, blok Pensyarah Fb: Din Sham

Maksud Kesihatan Persekitaran : Satu aspek kesihatan awam yang berkaitan dengan bentuk-bentuk kehidupan, bahan- bahan, kuasa dan keadaan di dalam persekitaran manusia yang boleh mempengaruhi kesihatan dan kesejahteraan manusia (Purdom, 1971).

Definition of Environmental Health Aspect of public health that is concerned with those forms of life, substances and forces and conditions in the surroundings of man that may exert an influence on man’s health and well- being (Purdom, 1971).

Definasi Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO) berkenaan Kesihatan Persekitaran Kawalan faktor-faktor di dalam alam fizikal manusia yang akan, atau boleh menyebabkan, akibat buruk ke atas perkembangan fizikal, kesihatan ataupun kemandirian manusia itu sendiri.

World Health Organisation’s (WHO) definition of environmental health Environmental health is the control of all those factors in man’s physical environment which exercise, or may exercise, a deleterious effect on his physical development, health or survival.

Antara aspek-aspek di bawah bidang kesihatan persekitaran 1.Vektor penyakit11. Penyakit kronik 2.Makanan dan berjangkit 3.Air dan air buangan12. Pengelakan 4.Udara kemalangan 5.Bahan buangan pepejal 6.Radiasi ion 7.Kawalan persekitaran 8.Persekitaran perumahan 9.Pelan dan pengurusan persekitaran 10. Populasi dunia

Air pollution and haze

Water bodies pollution

Housing and development problems

A(H1N1)

Japanese Encephalitis (JE)

Leptospirosis

Bhopal Gas Tragedy, India

Endocrine disruptors Section of male hornyhead turbot (small picture) testis showing the presence of a large developing egg (A) A

Chernobyl disaster

Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill

EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING DISEASES Emerging – diseases that have not occurred in humans before or that occurred only in small numbers in isolated areas. Re-emerging – diseases that once were major health problems globally or in a particular area, and then declined dramatically, but are again becoming health problems for a significant proportion of the population. Diseases thought to be adequately controlled making a “comeback” are “re-emerging”.

EMERGING DISEASES MERS – Middle East Respiratory Syndrome In the same family of coronaviruses as SARS, which killed at least 775 people after it emerged in China in late MERS, which first appeared in Saudi Arabia in September, has been kicking around the Middle East for nearly a year, infecting at least 79 people. It causes fever, cough and shortness of breath, and so far it has been a killer — about half the confirmed cases so far have resulted in death. On July 9 the World Health Organization (WHO) convened an emergency meeting to determine whether the new coronavirus that causes MERS constitutes a public-health emergency of international concern.killed at least 775 peoplehave resulted in deathconvened an emergency meeting

The good news is that a recent report published in the Lancet indicates that the virus has a relatively low level of infectiousness — less so than the measles and strong cases of the flu — which may limit its potential to ignite a global pandemic. A similar lack of infectiousness also kept SARS from becoming a lasting global menace, though the disease did cause nearly $50 billion in damages. But there’s no guarantee that MERS won’t mutate or worsen over time. And even if it doesn’t, there will always be new infectious diseases waiting to emerge.published in the Lancet

RE-EMERGING DISEASES Tuberculosis (TB) TUBERCULOSIS CASE DETECTION RATE (ALL FORMS) IN MALAYSIA (World Bank report, 2012)

Other types of re-emerging diseases 1.Malaria 2.Schistosomiasis Any other examples you can give me?

What can you do to save the human race from problems that you just saw? What will happen if the problems are not looked into or solved ASAP?

Rujukan / References: 1.Purdom, P.W., Environmental Health. Academic Press, Inc., New York, USA. 584 pp. 2. Odum, E.P., Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Company, USA. 574 pp. 3. Noor Hassim, I., Kesihatan Persekitaran. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur. 162 pp. 4. Zailina, H. dan Jamal H. Hashim, Kesihatan Persekitaran : Prinsip dan Cabaran di Malaysia. Fakulti Perubatan dan Sains Kesihatan, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 156 pp. 5. Homepej US Environmental Protection Agency