PowerPoint Presentation by JoAnn Yaworski CHAPTER 3 Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Is there enough evidence to support my conclusion? Have I overlooked any facts? Are the facts accurate? CHAPTER 3: Analysis Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. inference An inference is an educated guess based on observations and knowledge. Ask the following questions when making an inference:

Read the passage for its literal meaning. What ideas are stated directly? Read between the lines. What do the facts and details seem to show? How are they related? Why did the author include these facts and details? Ask yourself, “What is the author suggesting about a person, place, event, or belief?” CHAPTER 3: Analysis Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Follow these steps to infer an unstated main idea: (Continued)

Drawing conclusions from supporting details enables you to interpret the passage. Certain phrases and sentences hint at information that is not directly stated. From these specific details, you can draw conclusions about a person, a place, or a situation. CHAPTER 3: Analysis Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Supporting details provide clues to support inferences: (Continued)

CHAPTER 3: Analysis Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Figurative language Figurative language: words that mean something other than their literal definitions My new car is a lemon. Literal language Literal language: words that directly express a factual meaning My new car is constantly breaking down.

CHAPTER 3: Analysis Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Style Style refers to the kind of language an author uses to express himself or herself. There are two elements of style: DictionDiction is the word choice used to represent ideas. ToneTone is the attitude taken by an author towards his or her subject.

CHAPTER 3: Analysis Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. There are three different styles of diction: Formal style (Continued) Two officers arrested Mr. Bowman for driving his automobile under the influence of alcohol. Informal style Two officers arrested Mr. Bowman for drunken driving. Conversational style Two cops threw Bowman into the slammer for driving his car while smashed.

CHAPTER 3: Analysis Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Structure Structure refers to the organization of a passage. There are three main methods of organization: Time orderTime order: arrangement of information according to sequence ClassificationClassification: arrangement of information by categories Cause and effectCause and effect: arrangement of information by causes and effects

CHAPTER 3: Analysis Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Time order: (Continued) To prepare a frozen TV dinner, you must follow these instructions: 1. Preheat oven to 375 degrees. 2. Remove foil wrapping from tray. 3. Cook for 35–40 minutes.

CHAPTER 3: Analysis Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Classification: (Continued) Fire signs: Aries, Leo, Sagittarius Earth signs: Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn Air signs: Gemini, Libra, Aquarius Water signs: Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces

CHAPTER 3: Analysis Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Cause and effect: (Continued) People are under a lot of stress because they have too much to do. Cause:Cause: People have too much to do. Effect:Effect: People are under a lot of stress.

CHAPTER 3: Analysis Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. THE END Chapter Review QuizGED Practice Quiz Practice the skills you learned in this chapter by taking the Chapter Review Quiz or the GED Practice Quiz.