Cell Structure and Function Supplemental instruction Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 Fall 2010 For Dr. Wright’s Bio 7/27 Class Updated: August 13, 2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © All living things All living things (including microbes) are classified into …. ___ Domains and ___ Kingdoms 36

Domain Archaea Eubacteria Fungi Plantae Protista Animalia Kingdom Archaea Eubacteria Eukarya Genus (common name) Archaea Bacteria Cyanobacteria H.plyori, E.Coli Oscillatoria, Gram+,- Fungi, Mold Mushrooms Yeast, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Aspergillus….. Moss, flowering plant Pinus, sun flower,….. Algae Protoza Volvox, diatoms,….. Euglena, paramecium…. Vertebrates invertebrates sponges, helminths (worms) Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

EukaryotesProkaryotes No nucleus DNA in Nucleus 80S ribosomes Cell wall 70S ribosomes Some have cell wall(fungi, plant) Binary fission Non-sexual Mitosis, some do binary fission. Sexual or non-sexual Singcirculr DNA Multiple, linear DNA; histones No membrane-bound organelles membrane-bound organelles Bacteria, Achaea Algae, protozoa, plant, animal, fungi ONLY Unicelluar Uni- or Multicellular Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © Prokaryotes Picture from -unicellular -multiply by binary fission  Asexual reproduction -cell shapes rod, bacillus, cocci, spiral -Bacteria, Archea Eukaryotes -uni- or multicellular -multiply by binary fission, budding, sexual….  Asexual or sexual reproduction -Various cell shapes -Protozoa, Algae, Bacteria, Archea

DNA - a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development, protein synthesis and functioning. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © Double strand; Linear -Inside nucleus, bound by a double membrane -Chromosomes: complex with histones(protein) organized into chromosomes ProkaryotesProkaryotes -Double strand; Circular -”Naked” DNA ~ no histones -Some have plasmids. EukaryotesEukaryotes Picture from

Cell Wall -Rigid structure; structural support (cell shape) -Protection from bursting, -Outside cell membrane Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © ProkaryotesProkaryotes -Cell wall is most common -Peptidoglycan in bacteria; gram+/- -Variety of cell wall types in archaea  but not peptidoglycan EukaryotesEukaryotes -Cell wall in plant, fungi, but not animal -Cellulose (plant), chitin (fungi) Picture from Gram + Gram -  Both are carbohydrate

Mycoplasma HOWEVER! Mycoplasma lack of cell wall. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © Instead, require sterols for the stability of their cytoplasmic membrane. Picture from “Cholesterol is used in Mycoplasma bovis by both the plasma membrane itself and also to create sterol. Sterol is a vital component of keeping the membrane stable and is usually derived from cholesterol obtained from the host organism.”

Gram - Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © Outer membrane -Gram negative bacteria -Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) lipoprotein, porin protein -Protective -lipid A- strong inflammatory response(endotoxin) -O-linked polysaccharide- antigenic Lipid A O-linked polysaccharide

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © O157:H7  E.Coli O-side chain characteristic in LPS O157:H7 (E.Coli) Flagella -Gram-negative bacteria -cause of foodborne illness Picture from

Pili Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © Picture from -thin protein structure in bacteria (prokaryotes) -Called “Sex pili” But, nothing to do with “Sexual” -Attachment; motility -Involved DNA transfer (Conjugation)  DNA transfer from one bacteria to another Flagella -Protein structure for motility ProkaryotesProkaryotes -Some bacteria and archea but coccus bacteria don’t have EukaryotesEukaryotes -Protozoa, algae, gamates in plant & animal “Sex pili”

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © Glycoprotein (polysaccharide, protein) - “Capsule” if organized “Slime layer” if not -Enable bacteria to adhere to surfaces. -Often disease-causing  to avoid (thwart) the innate defense system. biofilms -Formation of biofilms such as a coating on rocks or teeth (dental plaque). Picture from

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © Picture from -Circular, double-stranded DNA molecule -Most in bacteria -Advantages an advantage under conditions of nutrient deprivation antibiotic resistance, resistance to metals -used for genetic engineering -__________ transfer a copy of plasmids to another bacterial cell. Conjugation

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © non-reproductive -dormant and non-reproductive structure -resistante to “unfavorable” conditions such as heat, desiccation, toxic chemicals, UV irradiation -__________ ~formation of endospores Called “Spores” Sporulation

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © non-membrane bound -involved in protein synthesis -in Prokaryotes 70S = 50S + 30S subunits -in Eukaryotes 80S = 60S + 40S subunits Mitochondria and Chloroblasts have 70S ribosome. -Some antibiotics target to the 70S ribosome. Picture from

Binary fission Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © Picture from -Asexual reproduction -in ALL prokaryotes Bacteria & Archaea -Some eukaryotes Single-celled algae Single-celled protozoa