INDUSTRY: The maufacturing of goods in a factory

Industrial Revolution: A series of inventions that brought new uses to known energy sources, new machines to improve efficiencies and enable other new inventions. eg. steam engine, iron smelting, water pump

Beginning of Industrial Revolution When and where did the industrial revolution begin? In Great Britain in the mid to late 1700s Why Great Britain? Flow of capital Second agricultural revolution Mercantilism and cottage industries Resources: coal, iron ore, and water power

Ironbridge, England World’s first bridge made entirely of cast iron, constructed in late 1700s.

Diffusion to Mainland Europe Early 1800s, innovations diffused into mainland Europe. Location criteria: proximity to coal fields connection via water to a port flow of capital Later Diffusion Late 1800s, innovations diffused to some regions without coal. Location criteria:access to railroad flow of capital

Where is industry distributed? Less than one percent of Earth’s land is devoted to industry (25% to agriculture) ¾ of industrial production is concentrated in four regions: Northwestern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern North America East Asia 8

Western Europe United Kingdom Home of the Industrial Revolution 12/16/2015 9

North America Pittsburgh-Lake Erie Coal and Iron in the Appalachians Steel production attracted more industry Western Great Lakes Automobiles Transportation St. Lawrence Valley Close to Canadian Markets Close to Niagara Falls Close to Great Lakes 12/16/2015

Major Manufacturing Regions of North America

East Asia Isolated from world markets Access to ports Large labor force working for cheap Grew based on production of cheap exports 12/16/

The distribution of Industry Situation factors Proximity to inputs Proximity to markets Site Factors Labor Land Capital 13

Proximity to Markets and the U.S. 14

How has Industry changed since the industrial revolution? Ford and the assembly line: dominant mode of mass production during the twentieth century, production of consumer goods at a single site. 15

Post-Fordist Post-Fordist: Current mode of production More flexible set of production practices Production is accelerated and dispersed by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world.

Time-Space Compression Through improvements in transportation and Communications technologies, many places in the world are more connected than ever before.

Time-Space Compression Just-in-time delivery Rather than keeping a large inventory of components or products, companies keep just what they need for short-term production and new parts are shipped quickly when needed. Global division of labor Corporations can draw from labor around the globe for different components of production.

Where is industry expanding? Southern and Western U.S. Lack of unions Cheap labor Opening of western ports 12/16/ From Cities to Suburbs Cheap land Factory layout

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