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Research on Development Cross Sectional Research * Compares people of different ages at one time. Longitudinal Research * Follow the same individual or group over a long period of time Compare the variable of interest at different times 2

Prenatal Development 1. Germinal Period - Zygote (fertilized egg) Conception – Implantation; First days 2. Embryo weeks Major internal and external organs develop Amniotic sac, Placenta, Umbilical Cord 3. Fetus - 9 wks (less than one ounce) to birth (6-8 pounds); Growth and maturation of organs Senses and preferences 3

Problems During Prenatal Development Teratogens : Harmful material affecting development Drugs, alcohol, toxins, viruses, smoking Can affect physical, behavioral, and mental development. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Physical abnormalities, retardation 4

Infancy and Early Childhood Contact Comfort(Harlow): The infant’s need for physical contact Attachment: Infant’s need to be with caregiver; built on contact comfort Stranger Anxiety : Fear of unknown people; 5/6 mo, lessens at 12 mo Separation Anxiety : Fear of being left by caregiver; 8mo – 30mo Monkey video 5

Patterns of Attachment Secure Attachment: 60%; explores room; cries when mother leaves; goes to mother and is comforted when she returns Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment (Disorganized): No consistent method of coping Avoidant Attachment: don’t explore, avoid or ignore mother 6

Baumrind’s Parenting Styles * Authoritarian: Strict rules, punish to control Kids unhappy, rebellious or depressed Permissive (2 kinds) a) Negligent – ignore kids: kids wild, confused b) Loving –spoiled, lack boundaries Authoritarive (Democratic): Supportive; caring,respectful; clear expectations. Kids more mature, successful 7

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages 1. Trust v. Mistrust – Infant; hope, security 2. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt – toddler; control, will 3. Initiative v. Guilt – 3-6y; assertiveness, purpose 4. Industry v. Inferiority – 6-12y; competence 5. Identity v. Role Confusion – teen; “Who am I?” 6. Intimacy v. Isolation – young adult; love 7. Generativity v. Stagnation – mid-adult; care and contributions to next generation 8. Ego Integrity v. Despair – old age; reflection on a good life 8

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development schemas frameworks of knowledge in long- term memory assimilation schemas allow understanding of new experiences or situations Situations or experiences accommodation schemas change in response to new experiences or situations 9

Piaget’s Stages StageAge Range Descriptio n Accomplishes Sensorimotor 0-2 years Experiences world Through senses Object Permanence Preoperational 2-7 yearsEgocentrism symbolic thought; mental images Theory of mind; Language Concrete Operational 7-11 years Logical Thinking; Real World Skills Conservation Formal Operational 11-adult Scientific reasoning Abstract logic 10

Kohlberg’s Levels and Stages of Moral Development I. Level 1 – Preconventional Stage 1 – Punishment & Obedience Stage 2 – Rewards and Self Interest II. Level 2 – Conventional Stage 1 – Social Approval Stage 2 – Social Norms or Laws III. Level 3 – Post Conventional Stage 1 – Social Contracts Stage 2 – Universal Ethical Principles 11

Alzheimer’s Disease * One form of dementia Physical, mental, emotional, social effects Gradual deterioration of memory, personality Possible causes, inc. genetics, environment, diet, inflammation in brain. Amyloid plaques; tau proteins, tangles 12

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Theories of Gender Role Development Social Learning Theory Modeling; Media Reinforcement for gender appropriate behaviors Punishment when not appropriate behavior Gender Schema Theory Gender is an important category Child seeks information Child develops expectations for gender roles. Sex (biology) Gender (Culture) Gender Roles (Expectations) 15