1930s – 40s Hitler, Mussolini, Mao, Stalin

Rise of Adolf Hitler 1889 – Hitler born in Austria-Hungary – poor artist in Vienna – fights in WWI Weimar Republic 1920 – heads propaganda at National Socialist German Workers Party, anti- Versailles 1923 – Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, Bavaria, 9 months in jail, Mein Kampf

More Hitler 1931 – loses presidential election to Hindenburg, Nazis now 2 nd largest party in Germany 1933 – chancellor of coalition government Reichstag destroyed by fire, prob. Nazis Enabling Act – legislative powers to Hitler’s cabinet All other parties, trade unions, strikes banned Withdraws from League of Nations, military buildup 1934 – Night of the Long Knives President Hindenburg dies, office of president abolished, Hitler made Fuerher 1938 – Austria invites Germany to invade Munich Agreement – Chamberlain PM Sudetenland Crystal Night

WWII Summary September 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland, Russia gets half 1940 – Denmark, Holland, Norway, Belgium, France 1941 – Russia (Operation Barbarossa) Pearl Harbor 1943 – Stalingrad retreat 1944 – Vavlkyrie, Col. Stauffenberg D-Day - Eisenhower April 30, 1945 – Hitler and Eva Braun commit suicide

Rise of Benito Mussolini Born 1883 Originally socialist Supported WWI 1919 – formed Fascist Party 1922 – Black Shirts march on Rome King Victor Emmanuel III invites Mussolini to form a government 1925 – makes self dictator “Il Duce” 1935 – invades Abyssinia 1939 – Pact of Steel with Hitler Supported Franco in Spain 1943 – overthrown by colleagues, Italy signs armistice 1945 – shot by Italian partisans

Joseph Stalin Born – enters seminary, joins Social Democrats, expelled in – exiled to Siberia, escapes in – Nicholas II creates the Duma Stalin and Lenin meet at Bolshevik conference 1912 – Bolsheviks break from Social Democrats, Stalin appointed to central committee 1917 – October Revolution – Stalin commands Red forces 1922 – USSR born, Stalin made General Secretary 1924 – Lenin dies

WWII and beyond Trotsky exiled – The Great Terror, “Show Trials” 1940 – Trotsky assassinated in Mexico 1945 – Yalta Conference with FDR and Churchill 1948 – seizes Czechoslovakia 1950 – Sino-Soviet Treaty 1950 – 53 – Korean War 1953 – Jewish “Doctor’s Plot”

Mao 1893 – Born to farmers New Youth Magazine 1920 Beijing University – read Communist Manifesto, worked for Communist party 1927 – Chiang Kai-Shek’s White Terror (KMT) 1927 – Jiangxi soviet 1934 – 1935 – The Long March

The Long March

Japan invades China 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria, changes name to Manchukuo (Puyi) Japan leaves League of Nations 1937 – Marco Polo Bridge Incident The Rape of Nanking Sian Agreement – CCP and KMT stop fighting Flying Tigers (USA) Stalin’s advice By 1940 – stalemate 1941 – Pearl Harbor

Movies and Books Tora Tora Tora – Pearl Harbor Midway – turning point in Pacific Valkyrie – assassination attempt The Longest Day – D-Day Patton – USA vs. Rommel Battle of Britain Enemy at the Gates – Stalingrad The Rape of Nanking