Slide 1 Figure 7.1 Page 111

Slide 2 Carbon dioxide, water are required Carbon dioxide, water are released Oxygen is released Oxygen is required 1) Water is split by light energy. Oxygen escapes. Coenzymes pick up electrons, H +. 2) ATP energy drives synthesis of glucose from hydrogen and electrons, plus carbon and oxygen (from CO 2 ). ATP is available to drive cellular tasks 1) Glucose is degraded to CO 2 and water. Coenzymes pick up electrons, hydrogen. 2) Coenzymes give up electrons, hydrogen to oxygen-requiring transfer chains that release energy to drive ATP formation. Figure 7.2 Page 112

Slide 3 12H 2 O + 6CO 2 6O 2 + C 2 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 O WaterCarbon Dioxide OxygenGlucoseWater In-text figure Page 115

Slide 4 (see next slide) upper leaf surfacephotosynthetic cells Cutaway section of leaf Stepped Art Figure 7.3b,c Page 116

Slide 5 two outer membranes inner membrane system (thylakoids connected by channels) stroma channel (see next slide) stacked part of thylakoid membrane Stepped Art Figure 7.3d,e Page 116

Slide 6 CO 2 H2OH2O carbohydrate end product (e.g., sucrose, starch, cellulose) Light-Independent Reactions glucoseP ADP + P i ATP NADPH NADP + e–e– H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ O H+H+ compartment inside a thylakoid H2OH2O SUNLIGHT Figure 7.3f Page 117

Slide 7 Products 6O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 6H 2 O Stepped Art In-text figure Page 116 Reactants12H 2 O6CO26CO2

Slide 8 sunlightwater uptakecarbon dioxide uptake ATP ADP + P i NADPH NAD + glucose P oxygen release LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS new water In-text figure Page 117

Slide 9 nutrient cycling energy output (mainly heat) energy input from sun Heterotrophs (consumers, decomposers) Photoautotrophs (plants, other producers) Figure 7.4 Page 118

Slide 10 High energy wavelength Low energy wavelength In-text figure Page 118

Slide 11 Wavelength of light (nanometers) Figure 7.5a Page 118

Slide 12 percent of wavelengths absorbed wavelengths (nanometers) chlorophyll b chlorophyll a beta-carotene phycoerythrin (a phycobilin) Figure 7.6a,b Page 119

Slide 13 chlorophyll b chlorophyll a carotenoids phycoerythrin (a phycobilin) (combined absorption efficiency across entire visible spectrum) chlorophyll a chlorophyll b phycoerythrin (a phycobilin) Figure 7.6c Page 119

Slide 14 Chlorophyll a Beta-carotene Figure 7.7 Page 120

Slide 15 water-splitting complexthylakoid compartment H2OH2O 2H + 1/2O 2 P680 acceptor P700 acceptor pool of electron carriers stromaPHOTOSYSTEM II (light green) PHOTOSYSTEM I (light green) Figure 7.10 Page 121

Slide 16 reaction center incoming light PHOTOSYSTEM Figure 7.11 Page 122

Slide 17 Electron flow through transfer chain sets up conditions for ATP formation at other membrane sites. electron acceptor electron transfer chain e–e– e–e– e–e– e–e– ATP Figure 7.12 Page 122

Slide 18 sunlight photolysis THYLAKOID COMPARTMENT second electron transfer chain H2OH2O NADP + NADPH e–e– ATP ATP SYNTHASE PHOTOSYSTEM IPHOTOSYSTEM II ADP + P i e–e– first electron transfer chain STROMA Figure 7.13a Page 123

Slide 19 Potential to transfer energy (voids) H2OH2O 1/2 O 2 + 2H + (Photosystem II) (Photosystem I) e–e– e–e– e–e– e–e– second transfer chain NADPH first transfer chain Figure 7.13b Page 123

Slide 20 ADP + P i ATP SYNTHASE Gradients propel H + through ATP synthases; ATP forms by phosphate-group transfer ATP H + is shunted across membrane by some components of the first electron transfer chain PHOTOSYSTEM II H2OH2O e–e– acceptor Photolysis in the thylakoid compartment splits water Stepped Art Figure 7.15 Page 124

Slide NADPH 12 PGAL 12 ADP 12 P i 12 NADP + ATP CARBON FIXATION 6CO RuBP unstable intermediate ATP 6 ADP 6 4 P i P 10 glucose PGAL 2 PiPi P 12 PGA CALVIN- BENSON CYCLE Stepped Art Figure 7.16 Page 125

Slide 22 Leaf cross-section from C3 plant upper epidermis palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll lower epidermis stomavein air space Figure 7.17a Page 126 Do not post on Internet

Slide 23 6 PGA + 6 glycolate 6 PGAL 1 PGAL Twelve turns of the cycle required to make one 8-carbon sugar RUBP Calvin-Benson Cycle 6 CO 2 + water 5 PGAL Stomata closed: CO 2 can’t get in; O 2 can’t get out Rubisco binds oxygen, not carbon dioxide X Photorespiration in a C3 plant Figure 7.18a Page 127

Slide 24 upper epidermis mesophyll bundle-sheath cell lower epidermis vein stoma (with air space above) Leaf cross-section from C4 plant Figure 7.17b Page 126 Do not post on Internet

Slide 25 oxaloacetate malate C4 cycle pyruvate CO 2 12 PGA 10 PGAL 2 PGAL 1 sugar RuBP Calvin-Benson Cycle mesophyll cell bundle-sheath cell 12 PGAL PEP Stomata closed: CO 2 can’t get in; O 2 can’t get out X C4 carbon fixation Figure 7.18b Page 127

Slide 26 CO 2 uptake at night only C4 cycle Calvin-Benson Cycle C4 cycle operates at night when stomata are open 1 sugar CO 2 that accumulated during night is used during day for C3 cycle in same cell CAM plant Figure 7.19 Page 127