© 2006 SOUTH-WESTERN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING 11th Edition Hulbert & Miller Effective English for Colleges Chapter 8 CONJUNCTIONS, INTERJECTIONS, AND MULTIPURPOSE WORDS

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 8, Slide 2 Learning Objectives To choose conjunctions that express intended relationships To maintain parallel structure To determine phrases, dependent clauses, and independent clauses To identify and use interjections appropriately 11 To identify types of conjunctions and explain their uses 66 To identify and use multipurpose words correctly

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 8, Slide 3 Conjunctions  Conjunctions show relationships by connecting sentence elements: words, phrases, and clauses.  A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain both a subject and a verb.  A clause is a group of related words that does contain both a subject and a verb.  An independent clause, or main clause, expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.  A dependent clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. Refer to CHECKPOINT 1.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 8, Slide 4 SIMPLE SENTENCE Has one independent clause and no dependent clauses SIMPLE SENTENCE Has one independent clause and no dependent clauses Sentence Types COMPOUND SENTENCE Contains two or more independent clauses, which are often joined by COMPOUND SENTENCE Contains two or more independent clauses, which are often joined by CONJUNCTIVE (LINKING) ADVERBS and TRANSITIONAL PHRASES (used to connect two main clauses) Refer to CHECKPOINT 4. CONJUNCTIVE (LINKING) ADVERBS and TRANSITIONAL PHRASES (used to connect two main clauses) Refer to CHECKPOINT 4. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (used to join parallel sentence elements) Refer to CHECKPOINT 2. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (used to join parallel sentence elements) Refer to CHECKPOINT 2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS (used in pairs to connect gram- matically equal sentence elements Refer to CHECKPOINT 3. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS (used in pairs to connect gram- matically equal sentence elements Refer to CHECKPOINT 3.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 8, Slide 5 Parallel Structure  Parallelism is achieved when conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs connect grammatically equal sentence elements.  Faulty parallelism occurs when dissimilar sentence elements are connected or when correlative conjunctions are not placed next to or as close as possible to the elements connected. Refer to CHECKPOINT 5.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 8, Slide 6 COMPOUND SENTENCE SIMPLE SENTENCE Sentence Types COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE Contains two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE Contains two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause COMPLEX SENTENCE Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses COMPLEX SENTENCE Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 8, Slide 7 Subordinating Conjunctions  Subordinating conjunctions join unequal sentence elements (dependent clauses to independent clauses).  A clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction is a dependent clause.  Subordinating conjunctions include until, because, although, and where. Refer to CHECKPOINT 6. Refer to APPLICATION 8-1 through 8-6.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 8, Slide 8 Interjections  Interjections, also called exclamations, are words or phrases that express feelings and emotions.  They are not related grammatically to the other words in a sentence.  Interjections that relate intense feelings are followed by an exclamation point.  Interjections that represent mild feelings are followed by a comma. Refer to CHECKPOINT 7.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 8, Slide 9 Multipurpose Words  Words may serve as more than one part of speech depending on how they are used in a sentence. Refer to CHECKPOINT 8. Refer to APPLICATION 8-7. Refer to CHAPTER 8 REVIEW. Refer to APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE.