Generic substitution matrix based sequence comparison Q: M A T W L I. A: M A - W T V. Scr: 45 -?11 3 Scr: Q: M A T W L I. A: M A W T V A. Total: 5 Total = 22 - ? Blosum 62: Gap openning: -6 ~ -15 Gap Extension: -2 ~ -6

Blast outputoutput

Questions after the Blast search? Questions: Is this a expressed gene in the Aedes mosquito? - Gene prediction & gene structure Is this the true ortholog of TNF? - Fundamentals of sequence comparison - protein dommains/motifs.

Position –specific information about conserved domains is IGNORED in single sequence –initiated search BID_MOUSE SESQEEIIHN IARHLAQIGDEM DHNIQPTLVR BAD_MOUSE APPNLWAAQR YGRELRRMSDEF EGSFKGLPRP BAK_MOUSE PLEPNSILGQ VGRQLALIGDDI NRRYDTEFQN BAXB_HUMAN PVPQDASTKK LSECLKRIGDEL DSNMELQRMI BimS EPEDLRPEIR IAQELRRIGDEF NETYTRRVFA HRK_HUMAN LGLRSSAAQL TAARLKALGDEL HQRTMWRRRA Egl-1 DSEISSIGYE IGSKLAAMCDDF DAQMMSYSAH BID_MOUSE SESQEEIIHN IARHLAQIGDEM DHNIQPTLVR sequence X SESSSELLHN SAGHAAQLFDSM RLDIGSTAHR sequence Y PGLKSSAANI LSQQLKGIGDDL HQRMMSYSAH Why a BLAST match is refused by the family ?

Situations where generic scoring matrix is not suitable Short exact match Specific patterns

1.DNA pattern – Transcription factor binding site. 2.Short protein pattern – enzyme recognition sites. 3.Protein motif/signature.

Binary patterns for protein and DNA Caspase recognition site: [EDQN] X [^RKH] D [ASP] Examples: Observe: Search for potential caspase recognition sites with BaGua

Searching for binary (string) patterns Seq: A G G G C T C A T G A C A G R C W G A C A G T G R C W G A C A G T G R C W G A C A G T Positive match

Does binary pattern conveys all the information ? Weighted matrix / profile HMM model For searching protein domains

What determine a protein family? Structural similarity Functional conservation

Practice: motif analysis of protein sequence using ScanProsite and Pfam 1.Open two taps for Pfam, input one of the Blast hits and one candidate TNF to each data window. 2.Compare the results

Scan protein for identified motifs A service provided by major motif databases such as Prosite,, Pfam, Block, etc. Protein family signature motif often indicates structural and function property. High frequency motifs may only have suggestive value.

What is the possible function of my protein? Which family my protein belongs to? -- Profile databases Pfam ( ) Prosite ( ) IntePro ( ) Prints ( TS.html ) TS.html

Protein motif /domain Structural unit Functional unit Signature of protein family How are they defined?

How do we represent the position specific preference ? BID_MOUSE I A R H L A Q I G D E M BAD_MOUSE Y G R E L R R M S D E F BAK_MOUSE V G R Q L A L I G D D I BAXB_HUMAN L S E C L K R I G D E L BimS I A Q E L R R I G D E F HRK_HUMAN T A A R L K A L G D E L Egl-1 I G S K L A A M C D D F Binary pattern: L [GSC] [HEQCRK] X [^ILMFV] Basic concept of motif identification 2.

How do we represent the position specific preference ? BID_MOUSE I A R H L A Q I G D E M BAD_MOUSE Y G R E L R R M S D E F BAK_MOUSE V G R Q L A L I G D D I BAXB_HUMAN L S E C L K R I G D E L BimS I A Q E L R R I G D E F HRK_HUMAN T A A R L K A L G D E L Egl-1 I G S K L A A M C D D F Statistical representation G: 5 -> 71% S: 1 -> 14 % C: 1 -> 14 % Basic concept of motif identification 2.

Scoring sequence based on Model Seq: A S L D E L G D E A C D ….... position_1 = s(A/1) + s(S/2) + s(L/3) + s(D / 4) An example of position specific matrixexample

Representation of positional information in specific motif M-C-N-S-S-C-[MV]-G-G-M-N-R-R. Binary patterns: Positional matrix:

Hidden Markov Model A specification on “how events will happen” so that statistical assessment can be readily made Used for Speech recognition and characterizing sequence patterns

Hidden Markov Model Position 1Position 2 Deletion Insertion Position 3 1.) possible states of events or “routes” --Transition Probability

Hidden Markov Model Position 1Position 2 2.) possible AA at a given position -- emission probability ACDEFGHIACDEFGHI

Hidden Markov Model 3.) That’s all. Let’s give it a try and you will know what it is about

Hidden Markov Model How to make a HMM for my petty motif Collect related sequences MEME : bin/meme.cgi *Selection of sequences determines the model*

Identifying motifs using MEME -Multiple EM for Motif Elicitation EM: Expectation maximization (P ). Identifies statistically significant motif(s) in a set of sequences. Outline the occurrence of the motifs at the end of the report

Practice: Identify conserved motifs using MEME 1.) Input your own address. 2.) Load the file of multiple Fasta format sequences. 3.) You can change other options based on your needs.

Two search examples  The outcome of the search is dependent on the inputting set of sequences.  Compose the inputting set based on your research needs. Set1: Mammalian P53 plus mosquito hits Set2: Diverse set of P53 plus mosquito hits

Two search examples Set1: Mammalian P53 plus mosquito hits Set2: Diverse set of P53 plus mosquito hits

Secondary structure prediction Predict the likelihood of amino acid x to be in each of the three (four) types of secondary structure configuration Helix Sheet Turn Coil Coiled-coil is two helices tangled together

Secondary structure prediction - different strategies and algorithms Chou-Fasman / Garnier Method -- based on AA composition Nearest Neighbor / Levin Method -- based on sequence similarity Neural Network / PHD SOPM, DPM, DSC, etc.

Results are given at single amino acid level

Secondary structure prediction --Interpretation of result Seq: - D G S L A D E R K Pre: - B B B H H B B T T What is the likelihood of helix formation here ?

Secondary structure prediction -Accuracy At the amino acid level -- ~ 75% based on testing set IF: Seq: - D G I L A V A S M I V Pre: - B B H H H H H H H H H Length > 9 > 90% chance a helix formation around this region

Secondary structure prediction -Programs There are over a dozen web sites provide 2 nd structure predication service – (tools) AntheWin has a good sample of different approaches and has other associated tools

Practice: using AnathePro to analyze protein secondary structure Open the sequence file. Chose and run a secondary structure predication method from the “Methods” menu LEFT click the left boundary of an alpha helix and then RIGHT the right boundary, perform “helical Wheel”

Helix wheel to discern helix subtype HydrophilicHydrophobicOthers AmphipathicHydrophobicHydrophilic

Practice: identify potential transcription factor binding sites on a promoter sequence. Using TESS : Transcription Element Search System

TESS result

Why there are many false positives for TF binding site scan?  Contextual dependency is not considered.  Stringency of the matrices.

Stringency of the matrices ACGT Con sens u s N G R 09305C W T G 0500 Y C Y ACGT Co nse nsu s 40130G 50120G 15020A 01700C 000A 000 T 00 0G 01304C 01700C 0 00C 00 0G 00 0G 20150G 01700C 000A 000 T 00 0G 02015T 01304C 0727Y P53_01 P53_02 Consensus –10 bp Consensus –20 bp

DNA Pattern – Transcription factor binding site Pattern strings / Matrixes are extracted from known binding sequence. Core vs whole. Some short and/or ambiguous patterns will have many hits.