Human Factors

Aeronautical Decision Making A systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances

Aeronautical Decision Making D etect a change E stimate what is needed C hoose a successful outcome I dentify actions required D o the necessary E valuate

CRM Crew resource management is the effective use of all available resources, human resources, hardware and information

LOFT Line-Oriented Flight Training is a developing training technology synthesizing high-fidelity aircraft simulation and high-fidelity line- operations simulation to provide realistic, dynamic pilot training in a simulated line environment.

PIC Responsibilities Understand roles –PF Pilot Flying –PNF Pilot Not Flying Communication –Sender –Medium –Receiver

Resource Use Other Pilot/passengers Navigation equipment Flight Service Station Instrument charts Sectional and WAC charts Pilot operating handbook

Workload Management What are the periods of high workload? Takeoff and departure Arrival Approach and landing

Workload management What are the periods of low workload? Preflight and taxi Enroute Taxi to the ramp

Workload management Things to be accomplished ahead of time –Organizing charts –Setting Radio frequencies –Writing down expected altitudes and route clearances Prepare for what is to come next

Situational Awareness Know where you are Know your own fitness Know the condition of your plane Know weather trends Know ATC instructions

Situational Awareness Lack of situational awareness often leads to CFIT - Controlled Flight into Terrain Poor interpretation of charts Misunderstanding or misleading ATC clearances

Aids to CFIT GPWS - Ground proximity warning systems EGPWS - Enhanced ground proximity warning system

Common Sense 5 P’s –Prior –Planning –Prevents –Poor –Performance

Hazardous attitudes Anti-authority –rules and procedures are unnecessary Macho –best pilot Impulsivity –first action that comes to mind

Hazardous Attitudes Invulnerability –bulletproof Resignation –What’s the use?

Aviation Physiology

Disorientation Kinesthetic sense is the term used to describe an awareness of position obtained from the nerves in your skin, joints and muscles.

Spatial Disorientation Conflict between the signals relayed by your central vision and information provided by your central vision Movement of snow or rain out the window Airplane next to you begins to taxi

Vestibular Disorientation Coriolis illusion(in turn move head) Graveyard spiral Leans Somatogravic illusion (acceleration = climb) Inversion illusion (climb to S&L= backwards)

Disorientation To prevent disorientation, one must rely on instruments, not body signals.

Motion Sickness Symptoms –Nausea –Sweating –Dizziness –Vomiting

Hypoxia Hypoxic –high altitudes Hypemic –CO, anemia, smoking Stagnant –high G’s Histotoxic –alcohol, drugs

Time of Useful Consciousness AltitudeTime 45,0009 to 15 Seconds 40,00015 to 20 Seconds 30,0001 to 2 Minutes 25,0003 to 5 Minutes

Supplemental Oxygen Requirement for Part 91 differ from Part 135. Part 91 Crew 12,500 for over 30 minutes Crew 14,000 for the duration of flight All 15,000 for the duration of flight

Decompression sickness 12 hrs to 8000’ msl no decompression 24 hrs if higher or with decompression

Hyperventilation Drowsiness Dizziness Shortness of breath Feelings of suffocation

IM SAFE Illness Medication Stress Alcohol Fatigue Emotion or Eat