© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 19 Population and Urbanization Demography: The Study of Population Demography is a subfield of sociology that examines ___________________________________________________ ____ Population size, composition, and distribution are connected to issues such as poverty, racial and ethnic diversity, shifts in the age structure of society, and concerns about the environment. Increases or decreases in population can have a powerful impact on the social, economic, and political structures of society. According to demographers, a population is ________________________ World’s population is estimated to be 7.1 Billion people Every year the population increases by estimated 84 million

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Fertility is the actual level of____________________________________. Biological factors include the number of people who are of childbearing age (usually 15-45) and the general health and level of nutrition of women of childbearing age. Social factors include roles available to women and views about what constitutes ideal family size. The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. Mortality is the________________________________. A decline in mortality has been the primary cause of world population growth in recent years. The crude death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. Decreases in diseases such as polio, malaria, cholera and measles Increase in diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Population composition refers to the biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household. The sex ratio is the _____________________________________ In the US in 2013 the sex ration was 97 males for every 100 females. More males are conceived than females but males are at higher risk of miscarriage than female fetuses. A population pyramid is a graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age. Age distribution has a direct impact on the demand for schooling, health, employment and housing. Migration is the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency. People migrate voluntarily or involuntarily. (1) Pull factors such as a democratic government, religious freedom, employment opportunities, or a more temperate climate may draw voluntary migrants. (2) Push factors, which include violence, war, famine, and natural disasters, encourage people to live elsewhere.

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Population Growth in Global Context The Malthusian Perspective (1800s) “the power of population is infinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence [food] for man. According to Malthus, the population (if left unchecked) would _________________________________ He felt people needed to use Moral Restraint> people should practice abstinence before marriage and postpone marriage as long as possible I order to have only a few children. The Marxist Perspective __________, not overpopulation, is the most important issue with regard to food supply in a capitalist economy. Overpopulation occurs because capitalists want a surplus of workers (an industrial reserve army) to suppress wages and force employees to be more productive.

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Neo-Malthusian Perspective Overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems. People should be encouraging zero population growth: The point at which__________________________________ Urban sociology is a subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in the city. Emergence and Evolution of the City Cities are a relatively recent innovation. Preconditions for a city to develop: 1.a favorable physical environment 2.an advanced technology 3.a well-developed social organization Earliest cities include: Athens, Babylon, Jericho

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Preindustrial Cities The largest preindustrial city was Rome. Preindustrial cities were limited in size because of: a) _______________________ b) Lack of adequate sewage facilities c) __________________________ d) Lack of transportation to reach the city e) Many preindustrial cities had developed a strong sense of community. This is a set of social relationships operating within given spatial boundaries that provide people with a sense of identity and a feeling of belonging.

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Industrial Cities Industrial Revolution: Factories and new forms of transportation arose. This made it easier to leave the countryside and move to the city. Between 1700 and 1900 the population of many European cities mushroomed. ___________________became the first U.S. metropolis. Postindustrial Cities: Since the 1950s, postindustrial cities have emerged in the U.S. as the economy has gradually shifted from secondary (manufacturing) to tertiary (service and information processing) production. Technological advances make it possible for middle-and upper- middle income individuals and families to have more work options and live farther from the workplace. The poor fare better in cities than many people think, and the wealthy also do well as cities are centers of consumption. Middle class families may struggle, because of lack of affordable housing in good neighborhoods and quality education

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Urban Problems in the United States Cities and Suburbs Aging populations>White population is cities is aging; people living in the same home in the city for years Growing diversity>Hispanics are largest minority group now in major US cities Movement out of cities into “second hand suburbs” areas once populated mostly by whites now populated by more blacks Edge cities: grow beyond central cities and suburbs; start as housing areas then shops and restaurants move there; people can enjoy these areas without having to go into the central part of the city Since World War II, the U.S. population has shifted dramatically as many people have moved to the suburbs. Suburban inequality and poverty have continued to grow in the 2010s as more families have been hard hit by the recession. Most suburbs are predominantly white. Many upper ‑ middle and upper ‑ class suburbs remain virtually all white.

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Rural Community Issues in the United States Rural communities are small, sparsely settled areas that have a relatively homogeneous population of people who primarily engage in agriculture. Defined as having 2500 people or less. More people are leaving cities to move to rural communities to escape crime, traffic and congestion Rural communities are especially hard hit by economic downturns and by the closing of long-established businesses in the area. Economic opportunities are limited in many rural areas. Average salaries are typically lower than in urban areas. This is based on the assumption that a family can live on less money in rural communities than in cities. Two emerging problems faced by rural communities: The proliferation of Wal-Mart and other large chain stores that put an end to local small businesses The increase in rural tourism Low paying and seasonal service jobs Tax breaks for large chain retail stores weaken the economic base of the community.