Population Chapter 2

Where in the World do People Live and Why? Key Question:

Field Note: Basic Infrastructure Infrastructure---the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools. China pop. Approx. 1.5 billion; Ch. & India 40% of world pop growth; Ch. possesses advanced trans. sys but not water, building major canal system ($60 billion) to move fresh water from south (South-North Water Transport Project)

Many Ways of Measuring Population: Population Density – Arithmetic Density: measure of total population relative to land size; determined by dividing total pop. by total area; fails to take into account internal clustering of people Physiologic Density: Measure of total population to arable (farmable) land; more accurate Physiologic always more dense!

World Population Density 3 MAJOR CENTERS: East Asia, South Asia and Europe = almost ½ of the world’s population

Physiologic Population Density – number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account). What are the major differences between this map and the physiologic density maps?

Physiologic Population Density Luxor, Egypt Egypt’s arable lands are along the Nile River Valley; 98% of Egypt’s pop. occupies only 3% of total area Moving away from the river a few blocks, the land becomes sandy and wind-sculpted.

Switzerland & Ukraine Sw. physiologic density is 10x greater than its arithmetic density Uk. has vast farmlands so its arithmetic (76) not much less than its physiologic (128)

Dot Map of World Population – On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people Population Distribution – Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live.

World Population Distribution and Density East Asia - ¼ of world population here South Asia - bound by the Himalayas and a desert in Pakistan Europe - population is concentrated in cities North America - megalopolis

East Asia (1) ¼ of the World’s Pop (1) Coastal and Riverine… extremely dense (2) P & A density very high… Extensively use Ag. Land (3) Declining growth rates (4) China 1 child policy

East Asia Continued (3) Japan Below Replacement level (3) Korea growing (5) Developed and Developing… lowering rates (6) Japan: Urban… low BR, Rural China high BR, Urban China 1 child. China 40% urban… Japan 78%

South Asia (1) ¼ of the world’s pop. (1) India, Pak. & Bang. All Big all Growing; over large parts of Bang. The rural pop density is bet 3000 and (1)Coastal, & Riverine (Ganges – India, Indus – Pak., Bramaputra – Bang.) (2) Arith & Phys Density Very high

South Asia Cont. (3) Growth Rates still high, but slowing. (4) Pak… Islam = high BR & India…low female status = high BR (5) Ind., Pak., & Bang., Developing… Semi- Periphery = Higher than average RNI (6) Ind. 28 % Urb… MANY Farmers… Yet Huge cities. S. Asia less that 30% urb

Population Growth in India Significant demographic variations occur within countries. –In India, growth rates are higher in the east and northeast.

Why do Growth Rates Vary in India? 1960s population planning program 1970s country began forced sterilization program for men with 3 or more children. –22.5 million men were sterilized state of Uttar Pradesh began guns for sterilization program. Today, most states use advertising and persuasion to lower birth rates.

Maharashtra, India. A sign reads “free family planning sterlization operation” closed in 1996.

South East Asia (1) Coastal… Java, Indonesia #4 (2) More phys. Dense that SA, but less Arith. Dense that SA??? = More farm land in ??? (3) Rates are falling, but RNI is still over 1% throughout the region…

SE ASIA continued (4) Islam in Indonesia = higher BR… Women working in foreign owned businesses = lower BR (5) Income Rising… TNC’S the cause, Literacy rates high… both work to lower BR (6) Mostly Urban… = lower BR

Western and Central Asia (Stans) (1) Sparsely populated (2) No Major densities (3) 1-2%... High end… Rural, poor, Islam (4) Islam (5) Literacy rates High. Low GNI/person (6) Very Rural… 70%

Europe (1) #3 in pop. Total by region. People concentrated on coasts, rivers and COAL FIELDS (2) Very dense in both measures The world’s 3 largest pop concentrations are found on the Eurasian landmass (3) The wealthier… the lower the BR. Most at or under replacement BR (4) Urban, wealthy, and advanced status for women cause lower BR… Catholicism losing impacts on BR in Southern Europe

EUROPE Cont. (5) Wealthy, GEI high, Literacy High = Low BR (6) Most Urban region in the World… most at 80% or more = Low BR In comparison to Asia, the % of pop. living in urban places In Germ. and UK is greater than Asia

North Africa and the Middle East (1) About 600,000,000 people (2) Nile River region & Mediterranean coast (3) Still growing, but slower (4) Islam = higher BR, lower GEI (5) Wealth growing due to oil, BR falling (6) Afg. 22%... Kuwait 100%... Predictable

Sub-Saharan Africa (1) Nigeria & Coastal W. Afr (2) Mostly sparse… except Nigeria (3) Most rapidly growing region in world (4) Low status of Women & lacking education (5) Poorest region in the world (6) Least Urban region in the World

Latin America (1) No Major distributions (2) Arithmetic density very low, Physilogical moderately high = little arable land (3) decreasing growth rates, still at 1.5% (4) Catholicism = more babies (5) Dev. Status growing in most places (6) 80% urban… sparsely populated hinterlands due to Jungles ??? Are there regional variances w/in L.A.?

North America… US & Canada (1) Megalopolis… BosNYWash… No real continuous clusters (2) Low & Low Large places for not large amounts of people (3) Slow to no growth (4) empowered women = low BR (5) High GNI = low BR (6) 80% urb. = low BR US main pop. Issue = immigration

Populations are falling in some parts of the world. How will Figure 2.5 look different 50 years from now? If you were updating this textbook in 50 years, where would the largest population clusters in the world be?

World Birth Rate – number of births in a year per 1,000 people.

World Population Growth – Rate of natural increase (does not take into account immigration and emigration).

Today, the pace of world population growth is slowing. Where have Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) fallen below replacement level and why? Replacement rate, the number of births needed to keep a pop stable level w/o immigration, requires a total fertility of 2.1

World Mortality Rate – number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people; at present rate of births and deaths, world is adding app. 80 million people every yr; a state in which a pop is maintained at a constant level bec the # of deaths is exactly offset by the # of births is zero pop growth (ZPG)

Why do Populations Rise or Fall in Particular Places? Key Question:

A Population Bomb? Malthus (early 1800s) worried about population growing geometrically (exponentially) and resources growing arithmetically (linearly). Ehrlich (1960s) warned of a population bomb because the world’s population was outpacing food production.

The Demographic Transition in Great Britain Studied the change in birth rates, death rates, and natural growth rates over the course of British industrialization. Found a transition occurred when death rates decline and then birth rates decline, resulting in a low or sustained growth rate. GB experienced a population explosion in the period from late 19 th cent. Through WWI

The Demographic Transition

Stage 1: Low Growth Stage 2: High Growth Stage 3: Moderate Growth Stage 4: Low Growth or Stationary Stationary population level (SPL)?

Examine Appendix B at the end of your textbook. Study the growth rate column. Which countries have the highest growth rates? Determine what stage of the demographic transition these countries are in, and hypothesize what may lead them to the next stage.

Why does Population Composition Matter? Key Question:

Population Composition Population Composition is concerned with: –Gender distribution –Age distribution within a country, region, or place.

Population Pyramids – Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender. For poorer countries, the chart is shaped like a pyramid or a bell. Infant mortality rates are high, life expectancy is shorter.

Population Pyramid Terms Cohort Dependency Ratio Age/Gender Distribution… Sex Ratio Over Population/Underpopulation Demographic Momentum

Doubling Time as a factor of Growth * defined: The amount of time for a given population to double, based on the annual growth rate. To determine doubling time, divide the growth rate as a percentage into 70. i.e., a growth rate of 3.5 represents a doubling time of 20 years.

Doubling Time as a factor of Growth 1% growth rate = DT of 70 years 2% growth rate = DT of 35 years 3% growth rate = DT of 23.5 years 4% growth rate = DT of 17.7 years 5% growth rate = DT of 14.2 years 6% growth rate = DT of 12 years 7% growth rate = DT of 10 years

Age Structure of a Population The populations of many countries are aging. - eg. Europe - eg. Japan Photo credit: H.J. de Blij Bordeaux, France

Age Structure of a Population Dependency Ratio: In economics and geography the dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force (the dependent part… under 15 and over 65)) and those typically in the labor force (the productive part). It is used to measure the pressure on productive population.economicsgeographylabor force How does this impact society???

Age Structure of a Population Underpopulation: is usually when a countries' population has declined too much to support its current economic system How does this impact society???

Demographic Momentum Phenomenon of a growing population size even after replacement-level fertility has been reached. This occurs when the base of the population pyramid is so wide that the generation of parents will take them to cycle out before zero growth occurs. In English… A wide based population pyramid has a lot of baby makers and not a lot of folks who are dying. 1.5 kids/family at the bottom will still outpace deaths, creating growth even with low TFR’s.

In poorer countries, Infant Mortality Rates (IMR) are usually high, which is reflected in the pyramid shape; the lowest IMRs among countries with large pop are in Japan, western Eur, and wealthier countries. Child Mortality Rate records deaths bet age 1 and 5.

The Mothers’ Index Based on 3 indicators, gauges the overall well-being of mothers and their children by country. Western Eur, Aus, NZ, Canada are above the mean of more developed countries while Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua are the 3 Cent Am countries where the index fell below the mean of less dev countries

In poorer countries, Life Expectancy is usually shorter, which is also reflected in the pyramid shape; sub-Saharan Afr has shortest in world with Angola at 39 the lowest.

Affect of AIDS on population pyramid for South Africa. Predicted population for 2035, without and with AIDS. With AIDS, looks like a population “chimney.”

68% of all HIV cases in the world were in sub- Saharan Afr (2007); AIDS is leaving large numbers of orphans.

AIDS strongly influences sub-Saharan Afr high mortality rate; creating large numbers of AIDS care-givers. Drawing by a Pokot boy in Kenya, the drawing shows him working in the fields and taking care of his family cattle in order to assist his sick family members.

Population Pyramids – Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender. For wealthier countries, the chart is shaped like a lopsided vase or a rectangle. Population is aging, TFRs are declining.

Aging Populations To replace the population, TFR must be TFR in Bologna, Italy is Why are women having fewer children? What are the impacts of an aging population on a country? What are the “solutions” to an aging population?

Longer Life Expectancies typically mean higher rates of chronic diseases.

In the United States, the national infant mortality rate (IMR) is 7.0. That number represents an average for the country. The 3 states with the highest infant mortality rates are Ala, Miss, Lou. States with the lowest are Mass, Wa. Think about the differences in IMR in the United States across regions, ethnicities, social classes, and other sectors.

How do Governments Affect Population Change? Key Question:

Government Population Policies Expansive Population Policies - Encourages population growth. Eugenic Population Policies - Favors one racial or cultural sector over others. Restrictive Population Policies - range from toleration of unapproved birth control to outright prohibition of large families.

China’s One Child Policy Instituted after the end of the Maoist period in the 1970s, drastically reduced growth rate from one of the world’s fastest to one of the world’s slowest. What are some of the limitations, unintended consequences, and contradictions found in government policies toward population growth?

When studying government policies on population, one of the most important things to remember is unintended consequences. Choose one country in the world where women have little access to education and are disempowered. Consider the previous section of the chapter on age composition, and determine how restrictive population policies in this country will alter the population composition of the country.