Who Defines Universal Design’s Constituents? Aimi Hamraie Emory University
Universal Design Universal Design: Broad inclusion Accessibility-by- design Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Specific disabilities Barrier-removal
Seven Principles of UD 1. Equitable use 2. Flexibility in use 3. Simple and intuitive 4. Perceptible information 5. Tolerance for error 6. Low physical effort 7. Size and space for approach and use
Universal? Assimilation “Normate” (Garland- Thomson)
Universal? Inclusion Flexibility Universal vulnerability
Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Models Social
Models Social Medical
Models Social Medical Scientific
Steven Epstein Inclusion: the politics of difference in medical research (2007)
Universal Design research Disability rights movement
Universal Design research Disability rights movement Environmental Design Research
Environmental Design Research Pre-1970’s: Human- environment systems 1970’s and after: User-centered design
From Harry H. Laughlin, The Second International Exhibition of Eugenics (1921) Anthropometry & eugenics
Credit: Architectural Graphic Standards, 1941; 1981 Anthropometry & design
Credit: Center for Inclusive Design & Environmental Access Anthropometry of disability