Introduction to Animals Section 1 – Characteristics of All Animals Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Common ancestor

Animals Invertebrates (animals without a backbone) Porifera Cnidaria Worms Mollusks Echinoderms Arthropods

Animals Vertebrates- Animals with backbones Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Animal Groups

Characteristics of ALL Animals: EUKARYOTES Are ____________________ cells have nucleus & membrane bound organelles 2. Are ____________________ get food from consuming other organisms 3. Are ____________________ made of many cells 4. Show __________________ different kinds of cells do different jobs HETEROTROPHIC MULTICELLULAR SPECIALIZATION

Characteristics of ALL Animals: 5. _____________ (at some point in life cycle) for food, find mates, escape danger Contain _____________ which carries the genetic code 7. ____________________ Make offspring Most have sexual reproduction (few asexual) MOVE DNA REPRODUCE

10 Body Systems : INTEGUMENTARY 1. _____________________ OUTSIDE BODY COVERING (fur, skin, scales, feathers) Covers and protects, ID, prevents heat & water loss

10 Body Systems : DIGESTIVE 2. ________________ Breaks down food to obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste

Only one opening: FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening

Two openings: FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)

Two openings: Most efficient If food flows only one direction it allows for organ specialization (Different parts can start to do different jobs)

10 Body Systems : CIRCULATORY CLOSED OPEN 3. __________________ Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells Carries carbon dioxide/nitrogen waste away from cells Circulatory fluid can be: inside blood vessels = _________ loose inside body spaces = _______ CLOSED OPEN

10 Body Systems : RESPIRATORY Exchange gases with the environment 4. ___________________ Exchange gases with the environment take in oxygen get rid of waste gases (CO2 &/or ammonia)

10 Body Systems : Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells 5. ___________________ Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells Help with HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining water/ion balance (_________________________) EXCRETORY OSMOREGULATION

NITROGEN WASTE : AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID _________________ Most TOXIC Must be removed QUICKLY Needs MOST water to dilute _________________ Made from ammonia by liver Less toxic than ammonia Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs less water to dilute than ammonia) _________________ LEAST TOXIC Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs LEAST amount of water to dilute) UREA URIC ACID

10 Body Systems : SKELETAL 6. ___________________ Framework to support body/protection Skeleton on inside = _______________ Skeleton on outside = _______________ ENDOSKELETON EXOSKELETON

10 Body Systems : MUSCULAR 7. _______________ Locomotion- move body itself OR move substances through body (EX: food through digestive system; blood through vessels)

10 Body Systems : 8. _____________________ Produce offspring by combining genetic material from 2 parents = __________________________ REPRODUCTIVE SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Produce offspring using genetic material from only 1 parent =_____________________________ ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

10 Body Systems : ______________ DEVELOPMENT immature LARVA looks different than adult __________ DEVELOPMENT young are smaller versions on adults INDIRECT DIRECT

External fertilization Sperm and egg join outside female’s body =___________________ inside female’s body = ____________________ External fertilization Internal fertilization

NERVOUS 9. ___________________ Receive sensory info about environment & send response signals

ENDOCRINE 10. __________________ Make hormones that regulate other body systems (only in higher animals)

ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME! DIGESTIVE WASTE NITROGEN WASTE WHERE ITS MADE? Body system used? In what form? made by cells from break down of proteins left over from undigested food Handled by digestive system Handled by excretory system Feces (poop) ammonia, urea, or uric acid

Kinds of Symmetry No symmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry

___________________ No symmetry ASYMMETRY ___________________ No symmetry Doesn’t matter how you cut it; you never get 2 identical halves.

_______ Symmetry Radial Get 2 identical halves in several directions.

___________ Symmetry Bilateral If divide animal down the middle you get 2 mirror images BUT only divides equally in ONE direction

All animals except sponges, jellyfish, anemones have 3 germ layers in their embryos Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Digestive system, respiratory Muscle, excretory, bones, circulatory Outer skin, brain, nervous system

Types of Coeloms (See-lums) No cavity (space) around organs ACOELOM = “without space”

Types of Coeloms PSEUDOCOELOM Space around organs but only lined with mesoderm on one side (lines body wall BUT NOT around gut) PSEUDOCOELOM

Kinds of Coeloms EUCOELOM: Body cavity (space) lined on BOTH sides by mesoderm EUCOELOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM

EUCOELOMATES ALL VERTEBRATES & SOME INVERTEBRATES ALL ANIMALS you will dissect this year are EUCOELOMATES!

3 Types of Coeloms ACOELOM EUCOELOM PSEUDOCOELOM ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

Advantages of having a COELOM (body space): Provides space for internal organs In animals without a skeleton- Fluid in coelom space can act as a HYDROSTATIC skeleton In animals without blood vessels- Fluid in coelom space can circulate nutrients and oxygen to cells

Which way is up? DORSAL (top) ANTERIOR head end POSTERIOR tail end VENTRAL (underneath)

________________ CEPHALIZATION Concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs in anterior end of an organism (head area)