 Carolus Linnaeus, classification  James Hutton, geology  1798-Thomas Malthus, economist  Jean Baptiste Lamarck, naturalist  1831 to Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle  Charles Lyell, geologist  Alfred Wallace, naturalist  Charles Darwin, published naturalist

 Geologist  Proposed that the Earth was millions (not thousands) of years old  Based on the processes of rock upheaval (uplift) and weathering

 Economist  Proposed that humans would run out of resources like food and space if the human population numbers continue to grow  If food and space are scarce, there will be competition for them

 French naturalist  Proposed one of the first theories about how species change over a period of time (evolution)  In Lamarck’s theory, individuals evolved

 Three Principles › Tendency Towards Perfection  Innate tendency towards complexity and perfection › Use and Disuse  Organism develops new adaptation by using the structure more  Organism loses an adaption by not using the structure › Inheritance of Acquired Traits  Traits acquired by an organism can be passed on to the next generation

 Geologist  Published “Principles of Geology”  Also proposed that the Earth is very old  Proposed the forces at work in geology today are the same forces that have shaped the structures throughout time on Earth  This had to take a long time

 Naturalist  Independently proposes theory of evolution  Writes Darwin about theory prompting him to publish his theory formed many years before

 Born the same day as Abraham Lincoln  Studied theology in college  Became the naturalist aboard the H.M.S. Beagle  Proposed theory of evolution based off of observation from that trip  Published theory in On the Origin of Species in 1859

 Sailed from England  Traveled to › South America › Africa › Australia › New Zealand › Galapagos

 Darwin studied › Difference within and between species › Living specimens › Fossils › Geology

 Group of islands off the coast of South America  Each island has a unique climate  Darwin observed › Marine iguanas › Tortoises › Finches

1. Variation › Individuals naturally vary from each other › Variations that are genetically based can be passed on from one generation to the next (although Darwin did not know how)

2. Struggle for Existence (overproduction) › Most populations grow past their resources › Organisms within a population must compete for their share  Food  Space  Mates  Other necessities

3. Survival of the Fittest (Natural Selection) › Organisms have adaptations (inherited variations) that make them a good match to their environment (fitness) › Individuals with better fitness survive longer and reproduce more therefore passing on their genes › Future generation have more individuals with the well-fitted adaptation › It is about reproduction not survival!!!

 Survival › Camouflage › Bright coloration › Strength › Heightened senses › Behavior  Reproduction › Strength › Costly structures › Behavior

 Artificial Selection › Most fit adaptations are based on human choices › Individuals are bred to pass on desired traits

4. Descent with Modification › Individuals have common descent › Evolution over a long period of time diversifies species › All species descend from common ancestor › Cladograms- diagram showing evolutionary relationships

1. Fossil Record › Darwin knew fossils represented dead organisms › Also knew that newer organisms were closer to the top › Record showed evidence of change over time

2. Geographical Distribution of Living Species › Beaks of Galapagos Finches › Neck Length and Shell Shape for Tortoises › Various Variations for Marine Iguanas › Pattern of Organisms in Similar Environment

3. Anatomy/Body Structures › Homologous  Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues  Mature forms often have similarities but may look different and have different functions › Vestigial  Structures that no longer have a function for an organism but are still present

4. Embryology › Many embryos look similar to each other during development and develop in similar ways

5. Molecular and Genetic Comparisons › Scientists compare DNA sequences and proteins between species to support fossil and anatomy comparisons  Alligator Book p. 317